9. Data, sources and how values are located
Where each value comes from and how code checks it against the NASA source.
Worked example
What it is. One complete question run through PYRION on the server, printed step by step: solid cabin materials in ISS cabin air.
What it shows. The condition and its source, the verdict for every PSI investigation, the receipt of the closest one (test, value, file location, text), what NASA set out to learn there in its own words, the limits, and a fingerprint of the computation.
How to use it. Read it top to bottom; every link opens the investigation, its DOI or the same question on the dashboard.
Example. The closest solid-fuel evidence for ISS cabin air comes with the exact tests and file locations behind it.
What it does not do. It does not use a language model and does not predict fire behaviour.
Data and sources
All condition values come from the 24 NASA PSI combustion investigations. Each value keeps its file, its location and the quotation it was read from. A validator locates every extracted value in the NASA source by code (a table cell at its row and column, or a quotation word for word).
The Data page shows what was extracted from each investigation, with its DOI and license, and the lineage from PSI files to a verdict.
Data page overview
What it is. The page about what was extracted from NASA.
What it shows. The evidence status, the lineage, coverage per investigation and how a value gets in.
How to use it. Read it to audit the numbers.
Example. Open the coverage table.
What it does not do. It is read-only.
Evidence status bar
What it is. A bar with counts.
What it shows. Values extracted, how many are located by code in the NASA source and how many are flagged.
How to use it. Read the legend.
Example. See the cell and quote counts.
What it does not do. Flagged values are not counted in verdicts.
For predictive modeling (Data page)
What it is. A section of the Data page for people who want to fit a model to PSI combustion data.
What it shows. Which measured outcomes the extraction holds per investigation (burn time, hot ignition, extinction diameter, oxygen after the test...), with their unit and how many values, counted live from data/conditions; inputs are the test conditions.
How to use it. Download the dataset, join conditions and outcomes on investigation and test id, and keep each row's source.
Example. FLEX (PSI-69) has burn times in seconds and visible flame extinction diameters in mm, per test.
What it does not do. It is not a validated training set; flagged rows are excluded, and a model fitted to microgravity or normal gravity says nothing direct about partial gravity.
Lineage card
What it is. A numbered chain.
What it shows. From NASA PSI files to selected and checksummed files to extracted values to verdicts.
How to use it. Read each step with its manifest file.
Example. Check the SHA-256 step.
What it does not do. Counts come from manifests and the last validation report.
Coverage by investigation
What it is. A table.
What it shows. For each investigation: extracted values, tests, variables and the DOI.
How to use it. Sort by reading; click a DOI.
Example. Find an investigation without values.
What it does not do. It does not rank investigations.
Data page DOI link
What it is. A link in the table.
What it shows. The investigation's DOI.
How to use it. Click it.
Example. Open a dataset.
What it does not do. It opens PSI's DOI page.
How a value gets here
What it is. A prose section.
What it shows. The path of a value: extraction with quotation, a check by a separate AI reviewer agent, then validation by code.
How to use it. Read it for the method.
Example. See why a value without a located quote is rejected.
What it does not do. It describes the process, not each value.
PSI-10 ACME/Flame Design: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments / Flame Design
PSI-10 ACME/Flame Design is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments / Flame Design”. Release 20-Nov-2025, version 1. DOI [10.60555/w4zy-bt45](https://doi.org/10.60555/w4zy-bt45). License: not stated on its PSI page or record.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-10 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 2165 of its 2165 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The primary objectives of this flight experiment are: A. Obtain soot-inception limits of quasi-steady normal and inverse spherical diffusion flames as functions of flow rate, Zst, amount of inert (N2 or CO2), and pressure for C2H4 and CH4 flames. Identify the corresponding temperatures in hot regions. Obtain similar limits and temperatures for inverse and normal coflow flames. B. Obtain detailed measurements in quasi-steady normal and inverse spherical diffusion flames for C2H4 and CH4. Determine the effects of flow rate, Zst, amount of N2, and pressure on flame temperature, size, color, and soot volume fraction. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> 1. Soot formation requires a region where local C/O ratio and T exceed their critical values, and where strain rate is sufficiently low. 2. Microgravity spherical diffusion flames extinguish when the peak temperature first decreases below 1130 K. 3. Steady-state spherical diffusion flames are possible.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME), Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), Reconfiguration of Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “The Flame Design experiment is one of six independent experiments that make up the Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project for which the tests were conducted within the Combustion Integrated Rack [...]”, page=3).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “The challenges of normal-gravity studies are avoided by performing the tests on the International Space Station (ISS), where the non-buoyant microgravity flames allow the effects of convection direction and flame structure to be independently varied.”, page=44, PSI-10_Reports_FinalRpt_ACMEFlameDesign.pdf).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “In this work, experiments aboard the International Space Station and a transient numerical model are used to investigate the existence of steady-state microgravity spherical diffusion flames. [...]”, page=25, PSI-10_Reports_FinalRpt_ACMEFlameDesign.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (30); diluent: N2 (327); flame type: normal (207), inverse (120); fuel (3 distinct): C2H4 (187), ethylene (132), C3H8 (20).
## What was extracted
2165 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-10.csv: 2165 usable, 0 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 327 distinct tests (plus 7 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 2 | 0 |
| fuel phase | 30 | 0 |
| diluent | 327 | 0 |
| flame type | 327 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 207 | 0 |
| burner-stream O2 (mole fraction) | 109 | 0 |
| pressure (kPa) | 327 | 0 |
| fuel | 339 | 0 |
| platform | 3 | 0 |
| outcomes (measured results) | 494 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.198048 to 0.4 (that is 19.8 to 40 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- burner-stream O2 (mole fraction): 0.212017 to 0.849978 (that is 21.2 to 85 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 43.0233 to 304.748
## What could not be extracted, and why
No record of this investigation is marked insufficient.
Table cells that hold no readable number (listed in extraction/skipped_cells.csv):
- column XO2: 11 cells (cell marks 'no value')
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 33 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 1671 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 494 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-10/Experimental table/PSI-10_Experimental table_Flame Design_Normal Flame.csv (1202 records)
- psi-data/PSI-10/Reports/PSI-10_Reports_FinalRpt_ACMEFlameDesign.pdf (492 records)
- psi-data/PSI-10/Experimental table/PSI-10_Experimental table_Flame Design_Inverse Flame.csv (469 records)
- psi-data/PSI-10/_investigation/PSI-10.json (2 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-10/_investigation/PSI-10.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-10; DOI 10.60555/w4zy-bt45; PSI version 1; files in version 3807, files selected for PYRION 15.
PSI-20 ACME BRE: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments - Burning Rate Emulator
PSI-20 ACME BRE is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments - Burning Rate Emulator”. Release 15-Sep-2022, version 4. DOI [10.60555/vb93-3y72](https://doi.org/10.60555/vb93-3y72). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-20 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 101 of its 163 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The BRE flight program seeks to establish the burning conditions in a quiescent microgravity ambient in terms of material properties. The specific flight objectives are as follows. 1. Observe burning behavior in long-duration microgravity for CH4/N2 and C2H4/N2mixtures on porous circular burners of 25 and 50 mm diameter. Consider O2/N2 ambients with various pressures and ambient O2 concentrations and pressures. NASA - considered atmosphere for human space missions will be examined: 14.7 psia, 21 % oxygen: 10.2 psia, 26.5 %; and 8.2 psia, 34 % oxygen. Emphasize fuel conditions that can be related to a diverse range of condensed fuels. 2. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The BRE investigation hypothesizes that there can exist a regime of quasi-steady burning in microgravity as a function of materials properties. Steady burning may never be achieved, and only slowly changing unsteady flames are possible. The proposed tests aboard the ISS aims to query this hypothesis by establishing a range of quasi-steady burning conditions for condensed fuels in the microgravity environment. It is hypothesized that BRE can determine a range of burning conditions in microgravity as a function of heat of gasification, reradiation heat flux, applied radiant heat flux, heat of combustion and smoke point. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), ACME; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “The Burning Rate Emulator (BRE) experiment is one of six independent experiments that make up the Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME) project for which tests are conducted within the Combustion [...]”, page=3).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “Quasi-steady burning corresponding to various condensed-phase materials (such as PMMA and Nylon) was observed in microgravity despite the absence of air flow, where the cessation of ventilation is an established step in putting out spacecraft fires.”, section=researchImpacts, PSI-20.json).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “We see this as well in the extended ISS microgravity tests.”, page=18, PSI-20_Reports_Final_20220201.pdf).
- Gravity regime: normal_gravity for test(s) 1-g BRE series (Auth [55], ground burner), heat of combustion 43.7 kJ/g (dissertation Fig. 5.4 legend, 1-g table row 1) (quote: “The data measured in 1-g and discussed in [55] is added to the plot for comparison between micro- and normal gravity burning.”, page=104, PSI-20_Reports_Dissertation-PD-revised_.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (7); diluent: N2 (11); fuel (4 distinct): 100% C2H4 (8), 50% C2H4 (5), 100%C2H4 (3), 100% CH4 (2).
## What was extracted
163 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-20.csv: 101 usable, 62 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 22 distinct tests (plus 9 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 6 | 0 |
| fuel phase | 7 | 0 |
| diluent | 11 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 45 | 2 |
| pressure (kPa) | 12 | 60 |
| fuel | 18 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.21 to 0.4 (that is 21 to 40 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 56 to 101.353
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
pressure(27): Nominal atmospheres of round 1 (Appendix D, written after round 1 ended). 'especially focused' is not exhaustive: Table 1 (p.24) also lists 40% O2 on 19039, 19056 and 19063, which this sentence does not cover (see R16). [...]pressure(24): Read from the legend text inside Figure 14 (Appendix D). Each legend row is SE, FT (plot symbols, missing from the text layer), Xf, XO2, p (bar); the LAST number of each row is p. Distinct p values: 1, 0.56, 0.7 bar. [...]pressure(9): confidence ambiguous ('most of' the round-2 tests, not all, and 'roughly'. Known exceptions: 2021-Jan-20 (0.57 bar for five tests, R18) and the p.149 test at roughly 0.6 atm (R20). Day mapping: report day 20261 (17 Sept. [...]o2_mole_fraction(2): reads as thousands of percent
Ground (1 g) data check: partial in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 16 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 61 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 102 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-20/Reports/PSI-20_Reports_Final_20220201.pdf (81 records)
- psi-data/PSI-20/Experimental table/PSI-20_Experimental table_ACME BRE.csv (62 records)
- psi-data/PSI-20/Reports/PSI-20_Reports_Dissertation-PD-revised_.pdf (16 records)
- psi-data/PSI-20/_investigation/PSI-20.json (3 records)
- psi-data/PSI-20/Science Documents/PSI-20_Science Documents_BRE_data_interpretation_20220804.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-20/_investigation/PSI-20.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-20; DOI 10.60555/vb93-3y72; PSI version 4; files in version 2361, files selected for PYRION 64.
PSI-21 ACME CLD Flame: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments / Coflow Laminar Diffusion Flame
PSI-21 ACME CLD Flame is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments / Coflow Laminar Diffusion Flame”. Release 15-Sep-2023, version 4. DOI [10.60555/23e1-9950](https://doi.org/10.60555/23e1-9950). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-21 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 13 of its 42 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> In order to provide the experimental data needed to allow rigorous testing of computational models at the extremes of the fuel dilution spectrum, we have the following objectives: A) Characterize the behavior of weak coflow diffusion flames of methane and ethylene, as a function of velocity and fuel dilution, through measurement of flame shape, lift-off heights, temperatures and extinction limits. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> This investigation was focused on gathering bench mark data to validate the hypothesis of computation models, the details of which are available within the following publications: 1) Smooke, M.D., Hall, R.J., Colket, M.B., Fielding, J., Long, M.B., McEnally, C.S., and Pfefferle, L.D., Investigation of the transition from lightly sooting towards heavily sooting co-flow ethylene diffusion flames. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2004. 8(3): p. 593-606. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), ACME; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), ACME”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “For sooty flames, results show that the absence of gravity can have a major effect. Flames are taller, wider, cooler, and far sootier in microgravity as compared to normal gravity.”, page=3, advanced-combustion-via-microgravity-experiments-acme.pdf).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “The data has shown that for highly diluted weak flames, microgravity flames are more stable than their normal gravity counterparts.”, page=4, advanced-combustion-via-microgravity-experiments-acme.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (1); flow configuration: coflow (2); fuel (5 distinct): 40% CH4 (2), 100% CH4 (1), 100% C2H4 (1), 50% C2H4 (1), 30% C2H4 (1).
## What was extracted
42 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-21.csv: 13 usable, 29 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 32 distinct tests (plus 10 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 2 | 2 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 0 |
| diluent | 0 | 1 |
| fuel | 6 | 26 |
| flow configuration | 2 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
fuel(26): formula looks like a spreadsheet fill-series artifactgravity_regime(1): A plan ('will be important'), not a statement that the tests were run in microgravity. section=researchImpacts has another goal sentence of the same kind: 'A goal of the study will be to apply sophisticated numerical tools and [...]gravity_regime(1): PSI category label for the whole investigation, not a sentence about the test conditions.diluent(1): Planned oxidizer coflow (fact sheet p.3, future tense 'will be made ... in an air coflow'): air = oxygen balanced mainly by nitrogen. Oxidizer stream only. [...]
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 18 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 32 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 10 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv (32 records)
- psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json (6 records)
- nasa/glenn-factsheet-acme/advanced-combustion-via-microgravity-experiments-acme.pdf (4 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-21; DOI 10.60555/23e1-9950; PSI version 4; files in version 4883, files selected for PYRION 2.
PSI-22 ACME E-FIELD Flames: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments Electric-Field Effects on Laminar [...]
PSI-22 ACME E-FIELD Flames is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments Electric-Field Effects on Laminar Diffusion Flames”. Release 15-Apr-2019, version 7. DOI [10.60555/se5a-8c73](https://doi.org/10.60555/se5a-8c73). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-22 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 29 of its 31 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objective of this investigation is to better understand the relationship between electric field voltage and chemi-ion current, analyze the dynamic response of flames to electric field changes, evaluate soot formation, and characterize stabilized near-limit lifted flames.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The application of electric fields in microgravity environments will significantly influence laminar diffusion flames by enabling precise manipulation of flame stability, soot behavior, and combustion dynamics through ion-driven convection and chemi-ionization processes.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), ACME; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “All experiments were conducted in the combustion integrated rack (CIR).”, section=approach).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “The E-FIELD flames experiment investigates how electric fields influence the behavior of laminar diffusion flames in microgravity.”, section=approach, PSI-22.json).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “Conducting the tests in microgravity allows for great simplifications in the analysis of ion-driven convection and flame interaction, enabling new understanding and the development of less polluting and more efficient combustion technology for use on Earth.”, page=43, PSI-22_Reports_E-FIELD Flames Final Report.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (2); diluent: N2 (1); fuel (4 distinct): 100% CH4 (6), 100% C2H4 (6), 40% CH4 (5), 30% C2H4 (4).
## What was extracted
31 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-22.csv: 29 usable, 2 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 20 distinct tests (plus 10 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 2 | 0 |
| fuel phase | 2 | 0 |
| diluent | 1 | 1 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 1 | 1 |
| fuel | 21 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.21 to 0.21 (that is 21 to 21 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
diluent(1): Plan, not an as-run statement ('will have'). Page 3 says this background is the Executive Summary of the March 2010 Science Requirements Document 'With minor editing'. [...]o2_mole_fraction(1): Plan, not an as-run statement ('will have'); basis stated as molar. Same provenance as R11 (2010 SRD Executive Summary reproduced 'With minor editing', page 3; the SRD itself was not in the source list). [...]
Ground (1 g) data check: partial in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 25 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 21 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 10 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-22/Experimental table/PSI-22_Experimental table_ACME E-FIELD Flames.csv (21 records)
- psi-data/PSI-22/Reports/PSI-22_Reports_E-FIELD Flames Final Report.pdf (6 records)
- psi-data/PSI-22/_investigation/PSI-22.json (4 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-22/_investigation/PSI-22.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-22; DOI 10.60555/se5a-8c73; PSI version 7; files in version 2590, files selected for PYRION 88.
PSI-23 ACME s-Flame: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments-Structure and Response of Spherical [...]
PSI-23 ACME s-Flame is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments-Structure and Response of Spherical Diffusion Flames”. Release 05-Apr-2018, version 4. DOI [10.60555/k57n-p030](https://doi.org/10.60555/k57n-p030). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-23 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 61 of its 81 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> A series of experiments is proposed with the following specific objectives, in both soot-free and sooty flames, to compare with detailed computational simulation to assess transport properties and detailed chemical kinetics (including chemiluminescence): Objective A. Measure and characterize the transient structure (such as temperature and species distribution) of diffusion flames established at initially non-steady, spherical flame structures for mixtures of different H2/CH4/diluent ratios (soot-free) and different C2H4/diluent ratios (sooty), for different flow rates. Objective B. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The transient numerical simulation of spherical flames developed as part of this program includes detailed chemistry and transport models, especially radiation mechanisms. Each description of the flames obtained from the experiment, including measurements of aspects of the flame structure, growth or flame front velocities, and the specific test conditions where steady state flames, flame extinctions, flame front instabilities, soot suppression limits, etc., comprise a rigorous test of the detailed model. Together they provide a measure of the comprehensiveness of the chemical kinetic and transport models. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), ACME; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), ACME”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “The project has completed two (2) rounds of microgravity experimentation.”, page=25, PSI-23_Reports_s_Flame_final_report_20210729.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (1); diluent: He (9), N2 (3); fuel (14 distinct): 50% C2H4 with N2 (2), 100% H2 (2), 45% CH4 with N2 (1), 44.4% H2 with CH4 (1), 66.7% H2 with CH4 (1), 25% H2, 20% CH4, with He (1), 20% H2, 25% CH4, with He (1), 30% H2, 15% CH4, with He (1).
## What was extracted
81 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-23.csv: 61 usable, 20 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 18 distinct tests (plus 10 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 1 | 1 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 1 |
| diluent | 12 | 13 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 23 | 3 |
| pressure (kPa) | 4 | 0 |
| fuel | 16 | 2 |
| platform | 4 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.21 to 0.3 (that is 21 to 30 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 101.325 to 101.325
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
diluent(4): Table 1, Atmosphere column: this cell is merged over test days 19352, 20006, 20013, 20024 and 20029. The PSI table reads differently for four of them: CSV row=6 (20006) '~21% O2 with N3', row=7 (20013) '~21% O2 with N4', row=8 [...]diluent(2): 'N3' is not a gas: spreadsheet fill-series artifactfuel(2): contains a spreadsheet fill-series artifact (e.g. 'N3')diluent(2): 'N4' is not a gas: spreadsheet fill-series artifactdiluent(1): 'N5' is not a gas: spreadsheet fill-series artifact
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 44 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 59 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 22 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-23/Experimental table/PSI-23_Experimental table_ACME s-Flame.csv (60 records)
- psi-data/PSI-23/Reports/PSI-23_Reports_s_Flame_final_report_20210729.pdf (17 records)
- psi-data/PSI-23/_investigation/PSI-23.json (4 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-23/_investigation/PSI-23.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-23; DOI 10.60555/k57n-p030; PSI version 4; files in version 4165, files selected for PYRION 107.
PSI-25 BASS-II: Burning and Suppression of Solids - II
PSI-25 BASS-II is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Burning and Suppression of Solids - II”. Release 31-Dec-2022, version 4. DOI [10.60555/4qc4-de67](https://doi.org/10.60555/4qc4-de67). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-25 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 732 of its 869 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> BASS-II results contribute to the combustion computational models used in the design of fire detection and suppression systems in microgravity and on Earth. Objectives Include: 1) Study the ignition, flame growth, flame spread, and extinction limits for solid fuels burning in low-velocity forced flows in microgravity. 2) Begin to bridge the gap between the normal gravity NASA-STD-6001 Test #1 method, ground-based microgravity tests, and actual material flammability in microgravity. 3) Provide SoFIE PIs with preliminary data to refine Science Requirements. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> BASS–II tests the hypothesis that materials in microgravity, with adequate ventilation, burn as well if not better than the same material in normal gravity with other conditions being identical (pressure, O2 concentration, temperature, etc.). NASA tests and controls materials from a flammability perspective using an upward burning test in normal gravity, which is considered to be the worst-case geometry for flammability of the material on Earth. However, it may not be conservative for flammability in space. Testing at constant O2 mole fractions permits studying flame spread and extinction at low and high flow speed. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Platform: Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) (quote: “Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG)”, section=experimentHardware).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “To summarize, BASS-II's approach, microgravity combustion tests were performed aboard the International Space Station.”, section=approach, PSI-25.json).
- Gravity regime: normal_gravity for test(s) 1-g downward PMMA sheet series (SDSU Flame Stabilizer, Summary Report section 2.3.5, condition stated once for the series) (quote: “PMMA (NASA and Astra) in 1g at San Diego State University”, page=49, PSI-25_Reports_BASS-II Summary Report.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: solid (257); diluent: N2 (1); flow configuration: opposed (17); material (49 distinct): 2 cm SIBAL (17), 1/4" clear rod (15), 1/4" black rod (12), 1 cm SIBAL (8), 3/8" black rod (7), 1 cm wide 200 micron thick PMMA (5), 3/8" clear rod (5), 1/2" clear PMMA rod (4).
## What was extracted
869 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-25.csv: 732 usable, 137 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 130 distinct tests (plus 5 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 2 | 0 |
| fuel phase | 257 | 0 |
| diluent | 1 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 130 | 0 |
| pressure (kPa) | 28 | 8 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 0 | 126 |
| sample thickness (mm) | 41 | 1 |
| material | 129 | 0 |
| flow configuration | 17 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
| outcomes (measured results) | 125 | 2 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.136 to 0.222 (that is 13.6 to 22.2 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 101 to 101.325
- sample thickness (mm): 0.1 to 5
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
flow_velocity(125): display reading series during the test, not a test conditionpressure(4): Figure 2.20 caption text (section 2.3.7, printed page 41), not a value read from the image. NOMINAL condition: one set of conditions is written for all four panels. test_id: the caption writes 'B03'; [...]pressure(4): MEASURED (monitored) total pressure, section 2.3.5 'Microgravity and Normal-Gravity Experiments', in the paragraph describing the BASS-II opposed-flow duct in the ISS (preceding sentences on the same page describe the O2 sensor [...]outcome:o2_mole_fraction_after_test(2): as written in PSIsample_thickness(1): the description states two different thicknesses: 3 mm thick, 2 cm thick
Table cells that hold no readable number (listed in extraction/skipped_cells.csv):
- column Calibrated final O2 % by vol: 2 cells (cell marks 'no value')
Ground (1 g) data check: partial in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 17 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 552 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 317 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-25/Experimental table/PSI-25_Experimental table_BASS-II.csv (552 records)
- psi-data/PSI-25/_investigation/PSI-25.json (133 records)
- psi-data/PSI-25/Science Documents/PSI-25_Science Documents_BASS-II_SRD.pdf (128 records)
- psi-data/PSI-25/Reports/PSI-25_Reports_BASS-II Summary Report.pdf (39 records)
- psi-data/PSI-25/Science Documents/PSI-25_Science Documents_BASS-II_ReadMe.docx (17 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-25/_investigation/PSI-25.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-25; DOI 10.60555/4qc4-de67; PSI version 4; files in version 695, files selected for PYRION 10.
PSI-26 BASS: Burning and Suppression of Solids
PSI-26 BASS is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Burning and Suppression of Solids”. Release 30-Jun-2013, version 4. DOI [10.60555/58h4-dy80](https://doi.org/10.60555/58h4-dy80). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-26 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 379 of its 387 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The two main objectives for BASS are to: 1.) Begin to bridge the gap between the normal gravity NASA-STD-6001 Test#1 method, ground-based microgravity tests, and actual material flammability in microgravity. The relation between these can be investigated by observing flames burning for the longer times available in flight. Practical, realistic (thicker) fuels in typical geometries will be examined, including wake flames which have characteristics of a fire burning behind another object (for example, a fire burning in tight area which may not be easily accessible). [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> BASS experiments were based on the hypothesis that materials in microgravity, with adequate ventilation, burn as well if not better than the same material in normal gravity with other conditions being identical (pressure, oxygen concentration, temperature, etc.) To test this hypothesis with any but the thinnest materials requires extended microgravity time – longer than available in drop towers or parabolic aircraft.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Microgravity Science Glovebox; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “The experiment was conducted aboard the International Space Station (ISS) inside the Microgravity Glove Box (MSG).”, section=approach).
- Platform: Microgravity Science Glovebox (quote: “Microgravity Science Glovebox”, section=experimentHardware).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) 1 (quote: “Microgravity combustion tests burning fabric samples were performed aboard the International Space Station.”, paragraph=17, PSI-26_Science Documents_FlammabilityAspectsofFabric_USNationalCombustion.2013.docx).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: solid (1); diluent: N2 (1); material (33 distinct): 2 cm sphere (18), PMMA sphere 2 cm (10), SIBAL 2 cm (9), PMMA 2 cm (8), Japan Wax Candle wake (8), 1 cm sphere (6), pmma 2 cm (5), PMMA sphere 1 cm (4).
## What was extracted
387 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-26.csv: 379 usable, 8 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 116 distinct tests (plus 12 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 12 | 2 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 1 |
| diluent | 1 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 121 | 1 |
| pressure (kPa) | 121 | 0 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 0 | 2 |
| material | 121 | 0 |
| flow configuration | 0 | 2 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.159 to 0.22722 (that is 15.9 to 22.72 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 98.2852 to 102.208
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
gravity_regime(1): Scope sentence of the PSI Data Layout Document: says what BASS examines, not that the tests were run in microgravity. Same rule as the FLEX description-of-data sentence (PSI-69). [...]fuel_phase(1): 'BASS Requirement' column of the requirements table, row 'Configuration' (planning document, February 2010). Note for the auditor: SRD page 4, Figure 1 labels the sample 'Solid fuel or wax-impregnated “wick”', and the test matrix [...]flow_configuration(1): Investigation-level statement that both configurations were used; it does not say which test used which, so this value does not hold for every test. [...]flow_configuration(1): Same sentence as R10: both configurations were used; it does not say which test used which. Per-test directions for the fabric tests are in Table I of the 2013 paper (paragraphs 79-142, paper numbering).flow_velocity(1): Upper bound only ('as high as'); the sentence gives no lower bound. Agrees with the 40 cm/s maximum in R14; disagrees with the 5 to 50 cm/s of the planning SRD (R15). [...]
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 10 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 363 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 24 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-26/Science Documents/PSI-26_Science Documents_As Run_Test Matrix.xlsx (242 records)
- psi-data/PSI-26/Experimental table/PSI-26_Experimental table_BASS.csv (121 records)
- psi-data/PSI-26/Science Documents/PSI-26_Science Documents_FlammabilityAspectsofFabric_USNationalCombustion.2013.docx (12 records)
- psi-data/PSI-26/_investigation/PSI-26.json (6 records)
- psi-data/PSI-26/Science Documents/PSI-26_Science Documents_SRD_BASS.pdf (4 records)
- psi-data/PSI-26/Science Documents/PSI-26_Science Documents_DLD_BASS.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-26/_investigation/PSI-26.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-26; DOI 10.60555/58h4-dy80; PSI version 4; files in version 210, files selected for PYRION 37.
PSI-39 CFI: Cool Flames Investigation
PSI-39 CFI is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Cool Flames Investigation”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 4. DOI [10.60555/m6pj-a914](https://doi.org/10.60555/m6pj-a914). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-39 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 346 of its 357 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objectives of this investigation are to: 1) Examine the combustion behavior of n-dodecane and mixtures of n-dodecane/iso-dodecane at pressures ranging from 0.25 atm to 5 atm. 2) Analyze the effects of helium dilution on cool flame behavior. 3) Examine the behavior of combustion characteristics. 4) Investigate the relationship between droplet size, pressure, and flame extinction, and (5) understand the consequence of soot formation during cool flame combustion.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> Flame combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as n-dodecane, n-dodecane/iso-dodecane mixtures, and faresane in microgravity can provide insights into low-temperature chemical kinetics, revealing critical parameters like droplet extinction diameters and flame dynamics that are not observable on Earth.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus (MDCA), Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) contains the Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus (MDCA) which facilitates the controlled combustion of fuel droplets.”, section=approach).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “CFI experiments were conducted onboard the ISS from January 2017 through September 2017.”, page=4).
- Platform: Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus (MDCA) (quote: “The Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) contains the Multi-User Droplet Combustion Apparatus (MDCA) which facilitates the controlled combustion of fuel droplets.”, section=approach).
- No usable gravity-regime record. Gravity is only recorded when a source sentence states it for the tests; the platform is never used for it. The engine reads gravity here as insufficient evidence.
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: liquid (2); diluent: N2 (69), mixed (14); fuel (3 distinct): [.60]/[.40] C12H26/iso-dodecane (41), [.75]/[.25] C12H26/iso-dodecane (24), C12H26 (22).
## What was extracted
357 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-39.csv: 346 usable, 11 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 79 distinct tests (plus 13 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 0 | 3 |
| fuel phase | 2 | 0 |
| diluent | 83 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 83 | 4 |
| pressure (kPa) | 87 | 0 |
| ambient temperature (K) | 0 | 1 |
| fuel | 87 | 0 |
| flow configuration | 0 | 3 |
| platform | 4 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.17 to 0.21 (that is 17 to 21 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 50.6625 to 506.625
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
o2_mole_fraction(4): header gives no unitgravity_regime(1): Rationale statement (Final Report section 3b); it implies, but does not state, that the CFI tests were burned in microgravity. 'onboard the ISS' is a platform, not a gravity statement.gravity_regime(1): Hypothesis field: names microgravity as the intended condition, not as a reported condition of the tests.gravity_regime(1): Pre-flight objective (SRD dated November 7, 2014, 'proposed experiments'); not a statement about the tests as run.flow_configuration(1): Pre-flight plan (SRD dated November 7, 2014, section 6.1, 'proposed CFI experiments'); the Final Report (2020) does not restate the flow configuration. 'q quiescent' and 'envrionment' are typos in the source, kept verbatim.
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 7 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 344 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 13 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-39/Experimental table/PSI-39_Experimental table_CFI.csv (344 records)
- psi-data/PSI-39/_investigation/PSI-39.json (5 records)
- psi-data/PSI-39/Science Documents/PSI-39_Science Documents_SRD_CFI.pdf (5 records)
- psi-data/PSI-39/Reports/PSI-39_Reports_CFI Science Final Report.pdf (3 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-39/_investigation/PSI-39.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-39; DOI 10.60555/m6pj-a914; PSI version 4; files in version 2812, files selected for PYRION 41.
PSI-47 DAFT / DAFT-2: Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test / Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility [...]
PSI-47 DAFT / DAFT-2 is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test / Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test-2”. Release 01-Jun-2009, version 5. DOI [10.60555/ztgj-d202](https://doi.org/10.60555/ztgj-d202). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-47 looked at and why PYRION holds no condition values from it.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The focus of DAFT / DAFT-2 was to mitigate the risk for the Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment (SAME). SAME relied on a commercially available condensate nuclei counter, the TSI P-Trak, to quantify smoke aerosols in a microgravity environment, however there were concerns that th P-Trak would not be reliable in microgravity as it relies on gravity to recycle isopropyl alcohol used in the measurement process. DAFT / DAFT-2 tests that a modified P-Trak particulate counter would be accurate in microgravity. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The TSI P-Trak operates by condensing isopropanol around aerosol particulates that are subsequently laser counted. It was hypothesized that the P-Trak would not work in microgravity due to two potential failure modes that exist. 1) the system would clog or become obscured by isopropanol, and 2) the internal air-flow dynamics of the optics chamber of the device will cause an over counting of particulates. The TSI P-Trak was modified for microgravity use via using capillary action to recycle the isopropanol. Therefore, there are two basic hypotheses: 1) that the P-Trak, as modified for use in SAME, would function normally in microgravity. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: TSI P-Trak; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## What was extracted
No condition records were extracted from PSI-47. Why: DAFT / DAFT-2 tested aerosol instruments with Arizona Road Dust in ISS nitrogen: no flame, so there is no combustion condition to extract. Its table lists hardware, dust and sampling location only.
This is a statement about what PSI holds for this investigation and what the extraction rules allow, not about the science. An investigation with no usable record never moves a verdict: the engine reads it as “not enough evidence”.
Ground (1 g) data check: classed partial in the ground-test inventory.
Published papers listed for this investigation: 2 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- No file data/conditions/PSI-47.csv exists. The investigation is still one of the 24 combustion investigations in data/manifest/investigations.csv.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-47/_investigation/PSI-47.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-47; DOI 10.60555/ztgj-d202; PSI version 5; files in version 33, files selected for PYRION 27.
PSI-60: Computational and Experimental Analysis of SPICE Data Sets
PSI-60 is a NASA ground investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Computational and Experimental Analysis of SPICE Data Sets”. Release 30-Sep-2025, version 1. DOI [10.60555/mzjm-yv57](https://doi.org/10.60555/mzjm-yv57). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-60 looked at and why PYRION holds no condition values from it.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> This ground investigation sought to increase understanding of the issues that control the large discrepancy between soot formation in 1g and in 0g flames. The objective of this investigation was to integrate computational and experimental methods to derive temperature distributions and soot volume fractions from the Smoke Point in Coflow Experiment (SPICE) data available in PSI. By analyzing over 1600 raw DSLR images and incorporating advanced soot models, the study sought to improve understanding of soot formation, oxidation, radiative re-absorption, and aggregate growth in heavily sooting flames. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> Microgravity conditions would produce longer, more diffuse flames with lower temperatures and increased soot concentrations compared to normal gravity, and that careful integration of experimental temperature fields into the simulations would reduce discrepancies between measured and predicted soot distributions.
As recorded by PSI: managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## What was extracted
No condition records were extracted from PSI-60. Why: Ground (computational) investigation that re-analyses SPICE (PSI-107) data sets. PSI holds only its record and a metadata archive: no table or document with test conditions. Its inputs are PSI-107 data, so it is not independent evidence.
This is a statement about what PSI holds for this investigation and what the extraction rules allow, not about the science. An investigation with no usable record never moves a verdict: the engine reads it as “not enough evidence”.
Ground (1 g) data check: classed none in the ground-test inventory.
Published papers listed for this investigation: 1 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- No file data/conditions/PSI-60.csv exists. The investigation is still one of the 24 combustion investigations in data/manifest/investigations.csv.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-60/_investigation/PSI-60.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-60; DOI 10.60555/mzjm-yv57; PSI version 1; files in version 1, files selected for PYRION 1.
PSI-62: Concurrent Flame Spread Modeling using Flamelet Generated Manifolds in Microgravity with [...]
PSI-62 is a NASA ground investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Concurrent Flame Spread Modeling using Flamelet Generated Manifolds in Microgravity with Comparison to BASS Experiments using Two-Color Tomography”. Release 14-Nov-2025, version 1. DOI [10.60555/e9xp-ex83](https://doi.org/10.60555/e9xp-ex83). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-62 looked at and why PYRION holds no condition values from it.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objective of this research was to develop and validate new flamelet generated manifold (FGM) modeling techniques for concurrent flame spread in microgravity. Concurrent flame spread presented one of the greatest modeling challenges in combustion science due to the intricate coupling between heat transfer, mass transport, and chemical kinetics near the solid-vapor interface. Traditional modeling strategies often relied on hybridized turbulence and chemistry models that were not fully consistent and failed to capture important intermediate reaction pathways. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The unsteady flamelet generated manifold (UFGM) approach was believed to be able to accurately reproduce concurrent flame spread in microgravity, including phenomena such as the “Goldilocks” flammability zone, by coupling near-wall thermal, mass transport, and chemical processes with far-field flow dynamics.
As recorded by PSI: managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## What was extracted
No condition records were extracted from PSI-62. Why: Ground (computational) investigation modelling BASS flame spread. PSI holds only its record and a metadata archive: no table or document with test conditions.
This is a statement about what PSI holds for this investigation and what the extraction rules allow, not about the science. An investigation with no usable record never moves a verdict: the engine reads it as “not enough evidence”.
Ground (1 g) data check: classed none in the ground-test inventory.
Published papers listed for this investigation: 4 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- No file data/conditions/PSI-62.csv exists. The investigation is still one of the 24 combustion investigations in data/manifest/investigations.csv.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-62/_investigation/PSI-62.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-62; DOI 10.60555/e9xp-ex83; PSI version 1; files in version 1, files selected for PYRION 1.
PSI-68 FLEX-2: Flame Extinguishment Experiment - 2
PSI-68 FLEX-2 is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Flame Extinguishment Experiment - 2”. Release 30-Sep-2019, version 6. DOI [10.60555/byp8-h018](https://doi.org/10.60555/byp8-h018). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-68 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 126 of its 129 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The primary goal of the FLEX-2 flight experiments is to extend the results of FLEX-1 to fuels and environmental conditions that mimic real combustor conditions, as well as, provide benchmark experimental data on bi-component droplet combustion over a wide range of initial conditions in order to validate numerical simulations and to develop new theoretical models. Detailed experimental objectives can be further itemized as: 1. Investigate the role of liquid-phase mixing on the burning characteristics of bi-component fuel droplets. 2. Examine the steady and unsteady liquid and gas-phase phenomena in pure fuel combustion. 3. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> Fairly sophisticated numerical simulations of convective droplet combustion have been developed in the last decade where the key contribution is the inclusion of full Navier-Stokes equations for the gas-phase flow field. However, due to the inherent complexity of the problem, varying degrees of approximations have been made in treating the chemistry, radiation, and the coupling between the gas and liquid phases. The validity of the assumptions or the hypothesis used in these simulation have not been confirmed by using benchmark data. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA)”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “FLEX-2 (The Flame Extinguishment - 2) experiment is the second experiment to fly on the ISS which uses small droplets of fuel to study the special spherical characteristics of burning fuel droplets in space.”, paragraph=1).
- Platform: Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA) (quote: “Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA)”, section=experimentHardware).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “4. Allow the droplet to stabilize in the microgravity environment.”, section=approach, PSI-68.json).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: liquid (1); diluent: N2 (8), He (8); fuel (8 distinct): IsoOctane (pure) (1), n-Octane (pure) (1), Heptane (pure) (1), Decane (pure) (1), Ethanol (pure) (1), Propanol (95%) Glycerol (5%) (mixture) (1), Heptane (50%) IsoOctane (50%) (mixture) (1), Propanol (80%) Glycerol (20%) (mixture) (1).
## What was extracted
129 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-68.csv: 126 usable, 3 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 8 distinct tests (plus 9 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 1 | 1 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 2 |
| diluent | 16 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 32 | 0 |
| pressure (kPa) | 40 | 0 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 8 | 0 |
| initial droplet diameter (mm) | 8 | 0 |
| ambient temperature (K) | 8 | 0 |
| fuel | 8 | 0 |
| platform | 4 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.17 to 0.3 (that is 17 to 30 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 50.6625 to 303.975
- flow velocity (cm/s): 0.1 to 5
- initial droplet diameter (mm): 1.5 to 5
- ambient temperature (K): 298.15 to 298.15
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
gravity_regime(1): The sentence sits in the PSI 'hypothesis' field and gives the rationale for microgravity, so it is proposed as ambiguous (brief rule 3). The double space after 'processes,' and the run-on ending are as written in the record.fuel_phase(1): Pre-flight requirement ('shall') in SRD 5.1.1 Test Fuels (printed page 33), dated March 15, 2010; 'all liquids' are the planned test fuels by context. Planned, not as-run: the PSI experimental table lists fuels the SRD does not.fuel_phase(1): Objective statement in the pre-flight SRD introduction (printed page 1), not a description of the tests run; '[...]' skips 'fundamental', hyphenated across a line break.
Ground (1 g) data check: requirements_only in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 48 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 120 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 9 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-68/Experimental table/PSI-68_Experimental table_Flex2.csv (120 records)
- psi-data/PSI-68/_investigation/PSI-68.json (5 records)
- psi-data/PSI-68/Science Documents/PSI-68_Science Documents_FLEX-2 SRD Final.pdf (2 records)
- psi-data/PSI-68/Science Documents/PSI-68_Science Documents_FLEX-2 DoD.docx (2 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-68/_investigation/PSI-68.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-68; DOI 10.60555/byp8-h018; PSI version 6; files in version 10156, files selected for PYRION 75.
PSI-69 FLEX: Flame Extinguishment Experiment
PSI-69 FLEX is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Flame Extinguishment Experiment”. Release 31-Jul-2016, version 5. DOI [10.60555/mbq8-0451](https://doi.org/10.60555/mbq8-0451). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-69 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 2096 of its 2358 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The FLEX (Flame Extinguishment Experiment) investigation aims to map the flammability limits of liquid fuels in microgravity environments, measure the effectiveness of various gaseous fire suppressants such as CO2, He, and SF6, and develop reliable predictive models for combustion limits under reduced gravity conditions. The mission seeks to validate and improve simplified models by incorporating detailed chemical reactions, heat transfer, and material movement, using both space-based data and extensive ground-based tests. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The primary hypothesis of the FLEX mission is that microgravity conditions fundamentally alter the combustion and extinction characteristics of liquid fuel droplets due to changes in species and energy transport dynamics, radiative heat loss, and chemical kinetics. Specifically, the hypothesis posits that the lack of buoyant convection in microgravity will lead to significant differences in the flammability limits and suppression efficacy of various fire suppressant agents compared to normal gravity conditions. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)-Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF), Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)-Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF) (quote: “Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)-Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF), Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA)”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Platform: Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA) (quote: “Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)-Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF), Multi-user Droplet Combustion Appartatus (MDCA)”, section=experimentHardware).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “FLEX and the follow-on FLEX–2 experiments are exploiting the microgravity environment to study the spherically symmetric combustion of liquid droplets.”, page=36, np-2015-10-034-jsc_combustion_in_reduced_gravity-iss-mini-book-011116-508.pdf).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “FLEX series of experiments showed for the first time that quasi-steady stable flames can be established surrounding a droplet in microgravity under certain conditions”, page=3, PSI-39_Reports_CFI Science Final Report.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: liquid (1); diluent: mixed (173), N2 (95); fuel (2 distinct): Methanol (157), Heptane (117).
## What was extracted
2358 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-69.csv: 2096 usable, 262 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 274 distinct tests (plus 9 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 2 | 3 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 0 |
| diluent | 268 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 274 | 0 |
| pressure (kPa) | 273 | 1 |
| initial droplet diameter (mm) | 262 | 0 |
| fuel | 274 | 0 |
| platform | 3 | 0 |
| outcomes (measured results) | 739 | 258 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.12 to 0.34 (that is 12 to 34 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 70.1676 to 309.295
- initial droplet diameter (mm): 1.1 to 4.67
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
outcome:burning_rate(258): header gives the unit 'mm', which is not a unit of burning ratepressure(1): mmHg x 101.325/760gravity_regime(1): Objective statement ('aims to'), not a statement that the tests were run in microgravity (brief rule 3). No g-level stated. 'reduced gravity conditions' in the same sentence refers to the predictive models; [...]gravity_regime(1): Scope sentence of the Description of Data: says what FLEX investigates, not that the tests were run in microgravity. No g-level stated. Grammar ('quantify') as in the source.gravity_regime(1): Facility-purpose sentence about the MDCA, not about FLEX tests. Sentence spans three PDF lines, joined with one space. [...]
Table cells that hold no readable number (listed in extraction/skipped_cells.csv):
- column Droplet initial diameter; mm: 6 cells (cell marks 'no value')
- column Visible flame extinction diameter; mm: 28 cells (cell marks 'no value')
Ground (1 g) data check: requirements_only in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 51 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 2349 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 9 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-69/Experimental table/PSI-69_Experimental table_FLEX.csv (2349 records)
- psi-data/PSI-69/_investigation/PSI-69.json (5 records)
- psi-data/PSI-69/Science Documents/PSI-69_Science Documents_FLEX DoD.docx (1 records)
- psi-data/PSI-69/Engineering Documents/PSI-69_Engineering Documents_FLEX Engineering Requirements Document.pdf (1 records)
- nasa/iss-combustion-guide-2015/np-2015-10-034-jsc_combustion_in_reduced_gravity-iss-mini-book-011116-508.pdf (1 records)
- psi-data/PSI-39/Reports/PSI-39_Reports_CFI Science Final Report.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-69/_investigation/PSI-69.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-69; DOI 10.60555/mbq8-0451; PSI version 5; files in version 6555, files selected for PYRION 131.
PSI-98 SAFFIRE-I: Spacecraft Fire Safety Experiment-I
PSI-98 SAFFIRE-I is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Spacecraft Fire Safety Experiment-I”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 4. DOI [10.60555/0t15-1z43](https://doi.org/10.60555/0t15-1z43). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-98 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 15 of its 21 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) determine how rapidly a large scale fire grows in low-gravity and (2) investigate the low-g flammability limits compared to those obtained in NASA’s normal gravity material flammability screening test.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> This investigation hypothesizes that due to large differences between fire behavior in normal and reduced gravity, the use of terrestrial fires and fire standards to design spacecraft fire safety systems presents an inherent risk to the vehicle because of the significant level of uncertainty. While this approach has been successful thus far, the uncertainty and risk will increase as exploration missions venture further from earth with considerably longer transit times for a safe return. There is a significant lack of microgravity data available for spacecraft designers on which to base their fire safety designs and procedures. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Saffire 1 enclosure in Cygnus; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Cygnus (quote: “Saffire 1 enclosure in Cygnus”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: Cygnus resupply vehicle (quote: “The Saffire-1 experiments was performed on the Orbital Science’s Cygnus resupply vehicle after it deberthed from the ISS.”, section=approach).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “Flame spread over a large thin charring surface in low-gravity showed that steady flame spread was possible (unlike normal gravity)”, page=18, 20180005168.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: solid (1); diluent: N2 (1); flow configuration: concurrent (1), opposed (1); material (1 distinct): SIBAL Fabric (2).
## What was extracted
21 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-98.csv: 15 usable, 6 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 2 distinct tests (plus 9 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 1 | 4 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 0 |
| diluent | 1 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 2 | 0 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 2 | 0 |
| sample thickness (mm) | 0 | 2 |
| material | 2 | 0 |
| flow configuration | 2 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
| outcomes (measured results) | 2 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.215 to 0.217 (that is 21.5 to 21.7 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- flow velocity (cm/s): 20 to 20
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
sample_thickness(2): cm x 10gravity_regime(1): Objective statement, not a statement of the test condition. The JSON field has line breaks after 'to:' and after 'normal', each joined with one space. Source term 'low-gravity'; no g-level stated; [...]gravity_regime(1): Objective statement for the SAFFIRE-I and SAFFIRE-III tests, not a statement of the test condition. Source term 'low-gravity'; no g-level stated; mapped to the controlled term microgravity.gravity_regime(1): States the purpose of the sample ('to demonstrate ... a large-scale low-gravity fire'), not the measured condition of the burn. Sentence spans two PDF lines ('0.4 m' / 'wide'), joined with one space. Source term 'low-gravity'; [...]gravity_regime(1): Research-impact summary, not a statement of the test condition. It speaks of 'several spacecraft materials', while section=approach names one material (Sibal) for Saffire-I, so the sentence may describe the Saffire series rather [...]
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 6 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 12 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 9 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-98/Experimental table/PSI-98_Experimental table_SAFFIRE-1.csv (12 records)
- psi-data/PSI-98/_investigation/PSI-98.json (6 records)
- psi-data/PSI-98/Science Documents/PSI-98_Science Documents_SAFFIRE-I and SAFFIRE-III Readme.docx (1 records)
- psi-data/PSI-98/Engineering Documents/PSI-98_Engineering Documents_SAFFIRE-I Operations.pdf (1 records)
- nasa/ntrs-20180005168/20180005168.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-98/_investigation/PSI-98.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-98; DOI 10.60555/0t15-1z43; PSI version 4; files in version 76, files selected for PYRION 8.
PSI-99 SAFFIRE-II: Spacecraft Fire Experiment-II
PSI-99 SAFFIRE-II is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Spacecraft Fire Experiment-II”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 5. DOI [10.60555/2chp-m469](https://doi.org/10.60555/2chp-m469). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-99 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 50 of its 58 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objectives of SAFFIRE-II are to determine how rapidly a large scale fire grows in low-gravity and to investigate the low-g flammability limits compared to those obtained in NASA’s normal gravity material flammability screening test.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> This investigation hypothesizes that due to large differences between fire behavior in normal and reduced gravity, the use of terrestrial fires and fire standards to design spacecraft fire safety systems presents an inherent risk to the vehicle because of the significant level of uncertainty. While this approach has been successful thus far, the uncertainty and risk will increase as exploration missions venture further from earth with considerably longer transit times for a safe return. There is a significant lack of microgravity data available for spacecraft designers on which to base their fire safety designs and procedures. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: Cygnus Spacecraft; hardware: Cygnus Pressurized Cargo Module, SAFFIRE; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Cygnus Pressurized Cargo Module (quote: “Cygnus Pressurized Cargo Module, SAFFIRE”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: Orbital Science’s Cygnus resupply vehicle (quote: “The Saffire-II experiment was performed on the Orbital Science’s Cygnus resupply vehicle after it deberthed from the ISS.”, section=approach).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “µ-g Burn Length µ-g Spread Rate 1-g Burn Length 1-g Spread Rate”, page=31, 20180005168.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: solid (1); diluent: N2 (1); flow configuration: concurrent (8), opposed (1); material (4 distinct): Silicone (4), Cotton-Fiberglass (SIBAL) (1), PMMA & Nomex (1), PMMA (1).
## What was extracted
58 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-99.csv: 50 usable, 8 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 9 distinct tests (plus 10 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 1 | 4 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 0 |
| diluent | 1 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 9 | 0 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 9 | 0 |
| sample thickness (mm) | 6 | 3 |
| material | 7 | 0 |
| flow configuration | 9 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 1 |
| outcomes (measured results) | 5 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.215 to 0.221 (that is 21.5 to 22.1 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- flow velocity (cm/s): 20 to 20
- sample thickness (mm): 0.27 to 10
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
sample_thickness(3): written without a decimal point (0.37 mm or 37 mm?)gravity_regime(1): Objective statement, not a statement of the conditions of the completed tests; 'low-gravity' mapped to the controlled value microgravity. [...]gravity_regime(1): Objective statement specific to SAFFIRE-II; 'long-duration low-gravity' mapped to microgravity. The 'NASA-STD-6001 Test 1 normal-gravity tests' are the ground reference, not tests reported in PSI-99.gravity_regime(1): Research-impact statement about the results; it does not say explicitly that the tests were conducted in microgravity.gravity_regime(1): Pre-flight paper (future tense, launches 'all planned for 2016'); the sentence covers Saffire-I, -II and -III together; 'low-gravity' mapped to microgravity.
Table cells that hold no readable number (listed in extraction/skipped_cells.csv):
- column Burn Time (s): 4 cells (outcome:burn_time: not '<number> <unit>')
- column Samle Thickness: 1 cells (sample_thickness: not '<number> <unit>')
Ground (1 g) data check: partial in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 7 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 48 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 10 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-99/Experimental table/PSI-99_Experimental table_SAFFIRE-2.csv (48 records)
- psi-data/PSI-99/_investigation/PSI-99.json (6 records)
- psi-data/PSI-99/Science Documents/PSI-99_Science Documents_SAFFIRE Objectives, Development and Status.pdf (2 records)
- psi-data/PSI-99/Science Documents/PSI-99_Science Documents_SAFFIRE-II Readme.docx (1 records)
- nasa/ntrs-20180005168/20180005168.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-99/_investigation/PSI-99.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-99; DOI 10.60555/2chp-m469; PSI version 5; files in version 217, files selected for PYRION 6.
PSI-100 SAFFIRE-III: Spacecraft Fire Experiment-III
PSI-100 SAFFIRE-III is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Spacecraft Fire Experiment-III”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 4. DOI [10.60555/040q-4h36](https://doi.org/10.60555/040q-4h36). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-100 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 11 of its 21 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) determine how rapidly a large scale fire grows in low-gravity and (2) investigate the low-g flammability limits compared to those obtained in NASA’s normal gravity material flammability screening test.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> This investigation hypothesizes that due to large differences between fire behavior in normal and reduced gravity, the use of terrestrial fires and fire standards to design spacecraft fire safety systems presents an inherent risk to the vehicle because of the significant level of uncertainty. While this approach has been successful thus far, the uncertainty and risk will increase as exploration missions venture further from earth with considerably longer transit times for a safe return. There is a significant lack of microgravity data available for spacecraft designers on which to base their fire safety designs and procedures. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Saffire III enclosure in Cygnus; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Cygnus (quote: “Saffire III enclosure in Cygnus”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: Cygnus resupply vehicle (quote: “The Saffire-III experiments were performed on the Orbital Science’s Cygnus resupply vehicle after it deberthed from the ISS.”, section=approach).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “Flame spread over a large thin charring surface in low-gravity showed that steady flame spread was possible (unlike normal gravity)”, page=18, 20180005168.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: solid (2); flow configuration: concurrent (1), opposed (1); material (1 distinct): SIBAL Fabric (2).
## What was extracted
21 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-100.csv: 11 usable, 10 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 2 distinct tests (plus 13 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 1 | 5 |
| fuel phase | 2 | 0 |
| diluent | 0 | 2 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 2 | 0 |
| sample thickness (mm) | 0 | 2 |
| material | 2 | 0 |
| flow configuration | 2 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 1 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- flow velocity (cm/s): 30 to 30
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
sample_thickness(2): cm x 10gravity_regime(1): Objective statement, not a statement of the test condition. Source term 'low-gravity'; no g-level stated; mapped to the controlled term microgravity. [...]gravity_regime(1): Objective statement covering SAFFIRE-I and SAFFIRE-III together, not a statement of the test condition. Source term 'low-gravity'; no g-level stated; mapped to the controlled term microgravity. [...]gravity_regime(1): Operational-requirements document specific to SAFFIRE-III, but the sentence covers Saffire-I and -III together and describes what the sample is meant to demonstrate, not a measured test condition. [...]gravity_regime(1): Research-impact summary, not a statement of the test condition; no g-level stated. In the PSI-100 record this section opens with 'The Saffire-I experiment provides a new way to study a realistic fire on an exploration vehicle', [...]
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 3 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 8 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 13 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-100/Experimental table/PSI-100_Experimental table_SAFFIRE-3.csv (8 records)
- psi-data/PSI-100/_investigation/PSI-100.json (5 records)
- psi-data/PSI-100/Science Documents/PSI-100_Science Documents_SAFFIRE-I and SAFFIRE-III Readme.docx (3 records)
- psi-data/PSI-100/Engineering Documents/PSI-100_Engineering Documents_SAFFIRE-III Operations.pdf (2 records)
- psi-data/PSI-100/Science Documents/PSI-100_Science Documents_SAFFIRE Objectives, Development and Status.pdf (2 records)
- nasa/ntrs-20180005168/20180005168.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-100/_investigation/PSI-100.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-100; DOI 10.60555/040q-4h36; PSI version 4; files in version 87, files selected for PYRION 12.
PSI-101 SAME-R: Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment-Reflight
PSI-101 SAME-R is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment-Reflight”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 4. DOI [10.60555/2np7-jv14](https://doi.org/10.60555/2np7-jv14). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-101 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 226 of its 227 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> Similar to the original SAME investigation, the primary objective of the SAME-R investigation was to quantify the sizes that the liquid smoke particulate achieves in low gravity and to relate the droplet size distribution to the smoke generation and smoke transport conditions in the experiment. One of the problems encountered during the SAME investigation was that after the thermal precipitators were returned to the ground, it was found that all the TEM grids were severely contaminated with some unidentified foreign particles, making these grids unusable although some of them showed shapes of certain types of smoke particles. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The three hypotheses that motivated the original SAME investigation is also applicable for the reflight SAME-R investigation: In a μg environment, with the absence of the strong buoyancy-induced flows, smoke particle growth from a pyrolyzing/smoldering source, as a result of nucleation, condensation, and coagulation, will lead to larger particles compared to those produced in 1g. The formation of the larger particles is favored by the expected higher vapor concentration and smoke residence times near the source due to the reduced velocities and mixing at μg conditions. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Comparitive Soot Diagnostic Hardware; Refer to final report; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Platform: Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) (quote: “An unfortunate side effect was that approximately half the smoke was lost from the system because it diffused out of the inlet into the MSG volume.”, page=9).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “Key parameters affecting the smoke properties of the smoke produced here are the low-gravity condition, the convective flow past the heated wire, the wire temperature, and the aging time.”, page=8, PSI-101_Reports_SAME-R_Final Report.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: solid (2); diluent: N2 (1); material (5 distinct): Kapton (29), Silicone (22), Lampwick (20), Pyrell (20), Teflon (18).
## What was extracted
227 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-101.csv: 226 usable, 1 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 108 distinct tests (plus 9 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 1 | 1 |
| fuel phase | 2 | 0 |
| diluent | 1 | 0 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 109 | 0 |
| material | 109 | 0 |
| platform | 4 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- flow velocity (cm/s): 0 to 8.1
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
gravity_regime(1): This sentence states an objective, not the condition of the tests, so it only supports R1. 'liquid smoke particulate' and 'droplet' describe the smoke aerosol, not the sample; see R5 and R6 for the sample phase.
Ground (1 g) data check: partial in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 6 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 218 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 9 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-101/Experimental table/PSI-101_Experimental table_SAME-R.csv (218 records)
- psi-data/PSI-101/Reports/PSI-101_Reports_SAME-R_Final Report.pdf (7 records)
- psi-data/PSI-101/_investigation/PSI-101.json (2 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-101/_investigation/PSI-101.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-101; DOI 10.60555/2np7-jv14; PSI version 4; files in version 344, files selected for PYRION 121.
PSI-102 SAME: Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment
PSI-102 SAME is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Smoke and Aerosol Measurement Experiment”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 4. DOI [10.60555/gd4k-8h62](https://doi.org/10.60555/gd4k-8h62). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-102 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 28 of its 33 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> One of the major goals of this investigation was to quantify the sizes that the liquid smoke particulate achieves in low gravity and to relate the droplet size distribution to the smoke generation and smoke transport conditions in the experiment. A numerical code was to be developed to predict the smoke droplet growth as a function of the fuel pyrolysis rate, the thermodynamic properties of the pyrolysis vapor, and the flow environment.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The three hypotheses that motivated this investigation: In a μg environment, with the absence of the strong buoyancy-induced flows, smoke particle growth from a pyrolyzing/smoldering source, as a result of nucleation, condensation, and coagulation, will lead to larger particles compared to those produced in 1g. The formation of the larger particles is favored by the expected higher vapor concentration and smoke residence times near the source due to the reduced velocities and mixing at μg conditions. [...]
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Comparitive Soot Diagnostic Hardware; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Platform: Microgravity Science Glovebox (quote: “The system was installed in the Microgravity Science Glovebox, an ISS facility that provides many resources including: containment, power, data, video and uplink commanding.”, page=20).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “Smoke particle size measurements were obtained under low-gravity conditions by overheating several materials typical of those found in spacecraft.”, page=43, PSI-102_Reports_SAME_Final Science Report.pdf).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) 1 (quote: “Smoke particulate produced in low-gravity was found to be typically 50% large in count mean diameter than similar conditions in normal gravity.”, page=66, PSI-102_Reports_SAME_Final Science Report.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: solid (7), liquid (1); diluent: N2 (1); material (5 distinct): Teflon (4), Kapton (1), Silicone Rubber (1), Lampwick (1), Dibutyl Phthalate (1).
## What was extracted
33 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-102.csv: 28 usable, 5 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 8 distinct tests (plus 6 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 8 | 1 |
| fuel phase | 8 | 0 |
| diluent | 1 | 0 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 0 | 4 |
| material | 8 | 0 |
| platform | 3 | 0 |
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
flow_velocity(4): planned test matrix, not the flown log (see SUMMARY.md)gravity_regime(1): Objective statement, not a statement of the test condition (brief rule 3). Source term 'low gravity'; no g-level. Proposed only because the record text is the first source; R1 and R2 state the condition as fact. [...]
Ground (1 g) data check: partial in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 16 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 12 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 21 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-102/Reports/PSI-102_Reports_SAME_Final Science Report.pdf (18 records)
- psi-data/PSI-102/Experimental table/PSI-102_Experimental table_SAME.csv (12 records)
- psi-data/PSI-102/_investigation/PSI-102.json (2 records)
- psi-data/PSI-102/Science Documents/PSI-102_Science Documents_SAME_Baseline Concept Description Doc.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-102/_investigation/PSI-102.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-102; DOI 10.60555/gd4k-8h62; PSI version 4; files in version 101, files selected for PYRION 101.
PSI-106 SLICE: Structure and Liftoff In Combustion Experiment
PSI-106 SLICE is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Structure and Liftoff In Combustion Experiment”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 3. DOI [10.60555/pm12-rg61](https://doi.org/10.60555/pm12-rg61). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-106 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 19 of its 23 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> Objective: The objective of this investigation is to better understand the structure and stability of laminar diffusion flames in microgravity. Specific objectives of this investigation were: 1. To investigate the structure of laminar diffusion flames in microgravity to understand the stabilizing mechanisms at the flames base. 2. Determine the liftoff velocity limits for different fuels and burner diameters. 3. Evaluate the impact of fuel dilution with nitrogen on soot formation and flame stability. 4. Quantify the effects of microgravity on flame length and radiative heat loss compared to normal gravity conditions. 5. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The hypothesis is that the structure and stability of laminar diffusion flames in microgravity are significantly influenced by burner diameter, coflow velocity, and fuel composition and are fundamentally different than flames observed on Earth.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: ISS MSG (quote: “The SPICE hardware is within the ISS MSG in the image to the right. While the SPICE investigation has been specifically focused on a study of soot production and oxidation within flames, the hardware can be used without [...]”, page=2).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- No usable gravity-regime record. Gravity is only recorded when a source sentence states it for the tests; the platform is never used for it. The engine reads gravity here as insufficient evidence.
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (2); diluent: N2 (2); flow configuration: coflow (2); fuel (8 distinct): 100% CH4 (3), 20% C2H4 (balance N2) (2), 40% CH4 (balance N2) including 2 pyrometry calibration tests and 2 fan calibrations (1), 70% CH4 (balance N2) including 1 pyrometry calibration test (1), 40% CH4 (balance N2) (1), 70% CH4 (balance N2) where the fuel bottle was not emptied (in contrast to most days) (1), 100% C2H6 (1), 70% CH4 (balance N2) including 1 pyrometry calibration test and 2 fan calibrations (1).
## What was extracted
23 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-106.csv: 19 usable, 4 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 12 distinct tests (plus 11 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 0 | 3 |
| fuel phase | 2 | 0 |
| diluent | 2 | 0 |
| fuel | 11 | 1 |
| flow configuration | 2 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
fuel(1): the date cell says this day was SPICE testinggravity_regime(1): Objective statement, not a sentence stating the gravity condition of the tests. Same section, item 4: 'Quantify the effects of microgravity on flame length and radiative heat loss compared to normal gravity conditions.'; [...]gravity_regime(1): Purpose statement in a NASA Glenn fact sheet outside PSI. The fact sheet describes SLICE in the future tense (e.g. page 2: 'SLICE will include testing where the fuel flow is fixed [...]'), i.e. as planned, not as run. [...]gravity_regime(1): Program-level sentence in the NASA ISS Researcher's Guide (2015), page 45. 'Microgravity' qualifies the research program and 'in the MSG facility' is a platform; neither states the gravity level of the SLICE tests. [...]
Ground (1 g) data check: none in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 5 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 12 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 11 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-106/Experimental table/PSI-106_Experimental table_Slice.csv (12 records)
- psi-data/PSI-106/_investigation/PSI-106.json (5 records)
- nasa/glenn-factsheet-slice/structure-liftoff-in-combustion-experiment-slice.pdf (5 records)
- nasa/iss-combustion-guide-2015/np-2015-10-034-jsc_combustion_in_reduced_gravity-iss-mini-book-011116-508.pdf (1 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-106/_investigation/PSI-106.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-106; DOI 10.60555/pm12-rg61; PSI version 3; files in version 23463, files selected for PYRION 2.
PSI-107 SPICE: Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment
PSI-107 SPICE is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 4. DOI [10.60555/9kbh-e962](https://doi.org/10.60555/9kbh-e962). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-107 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 913 of its 924 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objective of SPICE is to better understand the complex process of combustion by observing flames in a microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and analogous ground experiments. Specific objectives were: (1) Identify the laminar smoke-point properties of non-buoyant jet diffusion flames under various co-flow conditions in microgravity. (2) Determine the effects of burner diameter and co-flow velocity on the luminous flame lengths and smoke points. (3) Quantify the sooting propensity of different fuels, such as ethylene, propane, and propylene mixtures. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The research hypothesizes that by minimizing gravity-driven transport phenomena scientists can study the laminar smoke-point properties of non-buoyant jet diffusion flames. Flame properties are expected to differ significantly from those observed under normal gravity.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Platform: Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) (quote: “Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG)”, section=experimentHardware).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “SPICE is the first experiment that studies soot processes of laminar jet diffusion flame under long term microgravity condition with air coflow.”, page=16, PSI-107_Reports_SPICE_FinalReport.pdf).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “Smoke points of 55 microgravity gas-jet diffusion flames in coflowing air were measured in earth orbit.”, page=24, PSI-107_Reports_SPICE_FinalReport.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (1); diluent: N2 (1); flow configuration: coflow (2); fuel (7 distinct): Propylene (122), 75 % Propylene (119), 50 % Propylene (111), Propane (50), Ethylene (47), 75% Propylene (16), Methane (4).
## What was extracted
924 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-107.csv: 913 usable, 11 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 151 distinct tests (plus 11 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 2 | 0 |
| fuel phase | 1 | 0 |
| diluent | 1 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 0 | 2 |
| pressure (kPa) | 0 | 1 |
| flow velocity (cm/s) | 436 | 8 |
| fuel | 469 | 0 |
| flow configuration | 2 | 0 |
| platform | 2 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- flow velocity (cm/s): 0.66 to 85.28
## What could not be extracted, and why
Records kept as insufficient_evidence carry their reason in the note field. The most common ones:
flow_velocity(8): negative air rate: not a possible co-flow speed as writteno2_mole_fraction(1): Section 'SPICE FLIGHT TESTS' (printed page 13). This is the band within which ISS cabin air is kept, not a per-test O2 measurement. No O2 measurement inside the MSG is reported.o2_mole_fraction(1): confidence ambiguous (Footnote a of Table 1. The words left out are ', uf,'. The PDF text layer splits the subscripted u_f across lines. [...]pressure(1): Same footnote as R10. 101 kPa is the pressure ASSUMED for the velocity and Reynolds-number calculations. No sentence in the sources read states the actual MSG or cabin pressure during the tests (see not_found).
Ground (1 g) data check: yes_table in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 9 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 913 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 11 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-107/Experimental table/PSI-107_Experimental table_Spice.csv (913 records)
- psi-data/PSI-107/Reports/PSI-107_Reports_SPICE_FinalReport.pdf (8 records)
- psi-data/PSI-107/_investigation/PSI-107.json (3 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-107/_investigation/PSI-107.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-107; DOI 10.60555/9kbh-e962; PSI version 4; files in version 188, files selected for PYRION 16.
PSI-115: Utilization of the Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment Data for Advanced Modeling and [...]
PSI-115 is a NASA ground investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Utilization of the Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment Data for Advanced Modeling and Simulation of Smoke Generation in Micro-Gravity”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 3. DOI [10.60555/q0v5-1v28](https://doi.org/10.60555/q0v5-1v28). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-115 looked at and why PYRION holds no condition values from it.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objective of this investigation was to use numerical simulation to explore the influence of gravity on pyrolysis smoke growth from a fundamental perspective. The intention of this effort is to quantify the differences between microgravity and Earth gravity smoke, and to identify the fluid dynamic mechanisms that cause the differences.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> Without buoyancy, mixing and heat transfer are reduced, the time-temperature history of the combustion vapors (or particle precursors) and particle trajectories are significantly altered, changing the composition of the smoke. The chemical composition of the burning material also affects the characteristics of the smoke generated.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: Not Applicable; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## What was extracted
No condition records were extracted from PSI-115. Why: Ground (computational) investigation modelling SAME smoke data (PSI-101/102). Its files are model analyses; model inputs are not measured test conditions (result class B, not A), so none are recorded.
This is a statement about what PSI holds for this investigation and what the extraction rules allow, not about the science. An investigation with no usable record never moves a verdict: the engine reads it as “not enough evidence”.
Ground (1 g) data check: classed not_ground in the ground-test inventory.
## For engineers
- No file data/conditions/PSI-115.csv exists. The investigation is still one of the 24 combustion investigations in data/manifest/investigations.csv.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-115/_investigation/PSI-115.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-115; DOI 10.60555/q0v5-1v28; PSI version 3; files in version 47, files selected for PYRION 47.
PSI-117: Effect of External Thermo-Convective Perturbation on Cool Flame Dynamics: A [...]
PSI-117 is a NASA ground investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Effect of External Thermo-Convective Perturbation on Cool Flame Dynamics: A Multidimensional Multi-Physics CFD Analysis”. Release 10-Jun-2026, version 2. DOI [10.60555/gz0q-b577](https://doi.org/10.60555/gz0q-b577). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-117 looked at and why PYRION holds no condition values from it.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> The objective of this ground investigation was to use flight data obtained from PSI through NASA’s Flame Extinguishment Experiment (FLEX) to quantify how externally imposed thermal and convective perturbations regulated the dynamics and ultimate fate of already established droplet cool flames, and to explain run-to-run variability by isolating the roles of deliberate heating and unintentional drift-induced convection. Focusing on both small and large droplets, the work mapped stability windows for ignition, sustained oscillation, transitions to hot ignition and warm-flame behavior, and extinction under microgravity. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> External thermo-convective perturbations (imposed temperature gradients, non-uniform heating, oscillatory/shear inflow) were expected to govern cool-flame ignition, oscillation, transition to hot ignition, and extinction by shifting residence time and scalar dissipation. In microgravity, where buoyancy was suppressed, this forcing was anticipated to dominate transport. A multidimensional, multi-physics CFD model was used to map perturbation-dependent stability boundaries and predict observables for comparison with FLEX data.
As recorded by PSI: managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## What was extracted
No condition records were extracted from PSI-117. Why: Ground (computational) investigation: CFD analysis of cool-flame dynamics. Model inputs are not measured test conditions (result class B, not A), so none are recorded.
This is a statement about what PSI holds for this investigation and what the extraction rules allow, not about the science. An investigation with no usable record never moves a verdict: the engine reads it as “not enough evidence”.
Ground (1 g) data check: classed not_ground in the ground-test inventory.
Published papers listed for this investigation: 10 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- No file data/conditions/PSI-117.csv exists. The investigation is still one of the 24 combustion investigations in data/manifest/investigations.csv.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-117/_investigation/PSI-117.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-117; DOI 10.60555/gz0q-b577; PSI version 2; files in version 16, files selected for PYRION 16.
PSI-142: Quantitative Studies of Cool Flame Transitions at Radiation / Stretch Extinction Using [...]
PSI-142 is a NASA ground investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Quantitative Studies of Cool Flame Transitions at Radiation / Stretch Extinction Using Counterflow Flames”. Release 18-Sep-2024, version 2. DOI [10.60555/80qf-vj95](https://doi.org/10.60555/80qf-vj95). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-142 looked at and why PYRION holds no condition values from it.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> By using the Flame Extinguishment (FLEX) experimental data from the Physical Sciences Informatics (PSI) system of combustion science, the purpose of this grant was to conduct new simulations and ground-based experiments using ozone-sensitized counterflow flames to: 1) Develop a new diagram of the flammability limits of diffusional cool flames affected by radiation, diffusion, and convection. 2) Bridge the knowledge gap between the flammability limits and extinction limits of hot flames and cool flames. 3) Verify the phenomena observed on the ISS flame extinguishment experiments. [...]
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> This investigation attempts to answer the critical question as to what conditions causes the hot flames transfer to cool flames and how the cool flame flammable region is related to hot flame flammability limit and extinction limit. The investigation hypothesizes that factors such as oxygen concentration, dilution, pressure, diffusion, and convection transport processes affect the cool flame transition.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: Not Applicable; hardware: Principal Investigator Laboratory Hardware; managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## What was extracted
No condition records were extracted from PSI-142. Why: Ground investigation. Its experimental table is a list of figures in a published paper (data ID, description, DOI, figure number), not test conditions; its counterflow-flame conditions are not extracted.
This is a statement about what PSI holds for this investigation and what the extraction rules allow, not about the science. An investigation with no usable record never moves a verdict: the engine reads it as “not enough evidence”.
Ground (1 g) data check: classed partial in the ground-test inventory.
Published papers listed for this investigation: 12 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- No file data/conditions/PSI-142.csv exists. The investigation is still one of the 24 combustion investigations in data/manifest/investigations.csv.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-142/_investigation/PSI-142.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-142; DOI 10.60555/80qf-vj95; PSI version 2; files in version 3, files selected for PYRION 3.
LUCI: lunar gravity simulated on a rotating rocket (NTRS 20250010653)
LUCI (Lunar Combustion Investigation) is a flight experiment whose results are in the presentation “Lunar Combustion Investigation: Flammability Results from a Rotating Sounding Rocket” by Paul V. Ferkul (Universities Space Research Association), Michael C. Johnston (NASA Johnson Space Center), Nathan Kralik and Ya-Ting Liao (Case Western Reserve University), 2025 Annual Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, December 3-6, 2025. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250010653.
In plain words: LUCI burned two samples, a cotton-fiberglass fabric (SIBAL) and a 4 mm acrylic (PMMA) rod, in air at normal pressure on a Blue Origin New Shepard sounding rocket. The vehicle rotated, so the centrifugal acceleration acted as a simulated lunar gravity. This is simulated partial gravity, made by a rotating vehicle. It is not gravity on the Moon. The deck itself says a Coriolis force acts on the flame (slide 17).
What the deck states about gravity (quoted, no g number is written anywhere in it):
> Gravity (in g’s) remains constant at lunar gravity. (slide 41)
> Blue Origin New Shepard sounding rocket yields Lunar gravity by using centrifugal acceleration. (slide 12)
The ground (1 g) comparison runs say: “Gravity (in g’s) remains constant at Earth’s gravity.” (slide 26) and “Gravity remains constant at Earth’s gravity for duration of burn.” (slide 30).
## What PYRION takes from it
PYRION holds a hand-checked extraction of this deck, the golden set, in data/external/ntrs-20250010653/: 42 records in 4 tests (LUCI partial-g SIBAL, LUCI partial-g PMMA, LUCI 1-g SIBAL, LUCI 1-g PMMA); 37 are usable and 5 are kept as insufficient_evidence. It is external evidence, labelled as such, and it is not part of the PSI records. It is also the exam for the future “Add a source” feature (see the article on the precision exam).
What was recorded: the gravity statements above, material (SIBAL, PMMA), geometry (fabric 5 cm wide x 30 cm long; 4 mm diameter rod), the platform, flame spread rates read from tables (flame base and flame tip are kept apart), flame length, extinction, and the chamber O2 measured during the burn (an outcome, not a test condition).
What was not recorded, and why:
- Any value that only exists in a plot. Figures are never read off.
- A pressure number: the deck says only “normal pressure”, so the record is insufficient_evidence.
- A g value: none is written; the 11 RPM and 1.22 m radius on slide 12 were not turned into one.
- The ratios partial-g / 1-g (.6, .39, .38): they compare tests, they are not a condition.
- The O2 during the burn as a condition: it falls inside the closed chamber, so it is stored only as an outcome.
- The extinction of the PMMA rod at lunar gravity: the deck says gravity dropped at 125 s on slides 22 and 43 and “~constant” on slide 44, so it stays insufficient_evidence.
## For engineers
- File
data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20250010653/ASGSR 2025-LUCI-Ferkul-Presentation-v2-20250010653.pdf, 44 slides, SHA-256bb0aadd2f9543483467b86796e6aa19f4e13c3f8169eec96134015f95ed61d79. License: not stated in the document. - Records use accession
NTRS-20250010653and descriptive test ids; built bypython -I extraction/build_external.py ntrs-20250010653from an extractor and a separate verificador (extraction/documents/review/external-ntrs-20250010653.*.json). - Validation:
python -I extraction/validate.py --conditions data/external/ntrs-20250010653andpython -I validation/run_all.py --conditions data/external/ntrs-20250010653(0 BLOCKER). - Slides 9, 11, 14, 15, 32 and 35 have no text layer. Both flight samples burned in one chamber with one O2 sensor, so their two O2 records are not independent observations.
PSI-159 ACME CFI-G: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments / Cool Flames Investigation with Gases
PSI-159 ACME CFI-G is a NASA microgravity investigation in the PSI (Physical Sciences Informatics) archive: “Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments / Cool Flames Investigation with Gases”. Release 20-Nov-2025, version 1. DOI [10.60555/cyt1-kh64](https://doi.org/10.60555/cyt1-kh64). License: CC0-1.0.
In plain words: this page says what PSI-159 looked at, what conditions PYRION could read from it (with the place in NASA's files where each one is written), and what it could not read. 2188 of its 2188 records are usable as evidence.
## What it studied
PSI objective (quoted, section objective):
> 1. Plan and support flight testing on the International Space Station (ISS). 2. Determine the conditions for which cool diffusion flames occur for propane, n-butane, and n-pentane; normal and inverse flames; and a broad range of Zst, Tad, and fluent flow rate. 3. Support the flight tests with advanced CFD simulations. 4. Identify or develop a chemical kinetics mechanism that yields good agreement between the CFD predictions and the ISS measurements. 5. Disseminate the results as widely as possible.
PSI hypothesis (quoted, section hypothesis):
> The hypotheses of this research are that testing aboard the ISS can demonstrate the following for the first time, contributing to an improved understanding of cool flame kinetics. 1. Steady-state cool diffusion flames on spherical porous burners. 2. Cool diffusion flames burning propane, n-butane, and n-pentane. 3. Cool diffusion flames for a wide range of Zst, Tad, and pressures. 4. Inverse cool diffusion flames. 5. Cool diffusion flames for which a decrease in fluent flow rate will cause extinction, whereas an increase will cause a transition to a hot diffusion flame, with oscillation possible between hot and cool flames.
As recorded by PSI: flight program: International Space Station (ISS); hardware: ACME, Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR); managing center: Glenn Research Center (GRC).
## Platform and gravity, as stated
- Platform: Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR) (quote: “ACME, Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR)”, section=experimentHardware).
- Platform: International Space Station (ISS) (quote: “International Space Station (ISS)”, section=flightProgram).
- Gravity regime: microgravity for test(s) * (quote: “CDFs are investigated here using a spherical porous burner with gaseous fuels in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station. [...]”, page=23, PSI-159_Reports_FinalRpt_ACME.CFI-G.pdf).
## Fuel and flame configuration
fuel phase: gas (2); flame type: normal (179), inverse (154); fuel (7 distinct): ethane (67), propane (63), butane (58), 30% butane (52), 30% propane (36), 50% butane (30), 30% ethane (27).
## What was extracted
2188 condition records in data/conditions/PSI-159.csv: 2188 usable, 0 marked insufficient_evidence. They cover 333 distinct tests (plus 7 records that apply to every test of the investigation).
| Variable | Usable records | Insufficient |
|---|---|---|
| gravity regime | 1 | 0 |
| fuel phase | 2 | 0 |
| flame type | 333 | 0 |
| ambient O2 (mole fraction) | 179 | 0 |
| burner-stream O2 (mole fraction) | 154 | 0 |
| pressure (kPa) | 333 | 0 |
| fuel | 333 | 0 |
| platform | 4 | 0 |
| outcomes (measured results) | 849 | 0 |
Measured ranges over the usable records:
- ambient O2 (mole fraction): 0.179686 to 0.3997 (that is 17.97 to 39.97 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- burner-stream O2 (mole fraction): 0.12 to 0.85 (that is 12 to 85 % by volume, arithmetic on the stored fraction)
- pressure (kPa): 49.5382 to 330.99
## What could not be extracted, and why
No record of this investigation is marked insufficient.
Ground (1 g) data check: partial in the ground-test inventory (see the article on the ground inventory).
Published papers listed for this investigation: 2 (see data/manifest/publications.csv).
## For engineers
- method: 2181 table records (read by code from a PSI table; the quote is the column header) and 7 document records (verbatim sentence with its page or section). verified status: 0 (no person has compared records with the source yet).
- Source files used (path under data/raw/):
- psi-data/PSI-159/Experimental table/PSI-159_Experimental table_CFI-G_Normal Flames.csv (1257 records)
- psi-data/PSI-159/Experimental table/PSI-159_Experimental table_CFI-G_Inverse Flames.csv (924 records)
- psi-data/PSI-159/Reports/PSI-159_Reports_FinalRpt_ACME.CFI-G.pdf (4 records)
- psi-data/PSI-159/_investigation/PSI-159.json (3 records)
- Every value is located in its source by code; see the articles on how values are located and on validation severities.
- Investigation record: data/raw/psi-data/PSI-159/_investigation/PSI-159.json (the text fields quoted above).
- Accession PSI-159; DOI 10.60555/cyt1-kh64; PSI version 1; files in version 3756, files selected for PYRION 7.
A Researcher's Guide to: International Space Station — Combustion Science (NP-2015-10-034-JSC) (iss-combustion-guide-2015)
A Researcher's Guide to: International Space Station — Combustion Science (NP-2015-10-034-JSC) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. Address: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/np-2015-10-034-jsc_combustion_in_reduced_gravity-iss-mini-book-011116-508.pdf. PYRION uses it for this: interpreting PSI columns.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id iss-combustion-guide-2015, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/iss-combustion-guide-2015/np-2015-10-034-jsc_combustion_in_reduced_gravity-iss-mini-book-011116-508.pdf (1500825 bytes), SHA-256 5fe046efe4e35e506023e27a9784d041e893026f19c9987591483614aea5d6b6, downloaded from https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/np-2015-10-034-jsc_combustion_in_reduced_gravity-iss-mini-book-011116-508.pdf.
- TARS library: 55 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
NESC, Impacts of Reduced Pressure Atmospheres on ECLSS, NASA/TM-20260003925 (ntrs-20260003925)
NESC, Impacts of Reduced Pressure Atmospheres on ECLSS, NASA/TM-20260003925 is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260003925. PYRION uses it for this: exploration atmospheres (10.2 psia / 26.5% O2 and 8.2 psia / 34%).
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
One quotation the app uses from this document (page 13, section 4.0 Executive Summary):
> nominal cabin atmospheres of 10.2 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) with 26.5% O2, and 8.2 psia with 34% O2, collectively termed "Exploration Atmospheres"
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20260003925, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20260003925/20260003925.pdf (4208610 bytes), SHA-256 1d207280909ff46bf54b6b7e6805aa3c1b99d0824d96b37762c12b9b60b9d6f8, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20260003925/downloads/20260003925.pdf.
- TARS library: 112 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: engine/src/presets.ts, web/lib/presets.ts.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Ruff, Impact of Lunar Gravity on Material Flammability, LSSW 2021 (NTRS 20210020446)
Ruff, Impact of Lunar Gravity on Material Flammability, LSSW 2021 (NTRS 20210020446) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210020446. PYRION uses it for this: definitions of MOC and ULOI.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
One quotation the app uses from this document (page 3, "How is flame spread affected by Lunar-g?"):
> glunar = 0.16 gearth
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20210020446, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20210020446/LSSW Presentation_8-12-2021_FINAL.pdf (1670196 bytes), SHA-256 f9f56694310386a5ee7506a73418b32a2e4505cb6e4f6179f31c5cee5d969c64, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20210020446/downloads/LSSW%20Presentation_8-12-2021_FINAL.pdf.
- TARS library: 19 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: engine/src/presets.ts, engine/src/quantity.ts, engine/src/transfer.ts, web/lib/expert/calculators.ts.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
NASA-STD-6001B Test 1: Sample Length Impact on MOC (NTRS 20170004702)
NASA-STD-6001B Test 1: Sample Length Impact on MOC (NTRS 20170004702) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20170004702. PYRION uses it for this: how MOC is determined in practice.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20170004702, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20170004702/20170004702.pdf (226474 bytes), SHA-256 0a8c1da4af61697ca09fa3f7c58807e88981870ed63f024bad2577f577623c93, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170004702/downloads/20170004702.pdf.
- TARS library: 8 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
JSC 29353D, Flammability Configuration Analysis for Spacecraft Applications (jsc-29353d)
JSC 29353D, Flammability Configuration Analysis for Spacecraft Applications is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. Address: https://standards.nasa.gov/system/files/tmp/JSC%2029353D%20Flammability%20Configuration%20Analysis%20for%20Spacecraft%20Applications.pdf. PYRION uses it for this: flammability configuration analysis; partial gravity.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id jsc-29353d, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/jsc-29353d/JSC 29353D Flammability Configuration Analysis for Spacecraft Applications.pdf (2915192 bytes), SHA-256 e10f0155ae26048eb8bdfb1c55143b572a9617497b21df87ff29704a523765ab, downloaded from https://standards.nasa.gov/system/files/tmp/JSC%2029353D%20Flammability%20Configuration%20Analysis%20for%20Spacecraft%20Applications.pdf.
- TARS library: 60 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Technology Development for Spacecraft Fire Safety, FLARE workshop 2021 (NTRS 20210021318)
Technology Development for Spacecraft Fire Safety, FLARE workshop 2021 (NTRS 20210021318) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210021318. PYRION uses it for this: state of the art: FLARE.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20210021318, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20210021318/Tech Dev for Spacecraft Fire Safety_Location_10-7-2021.pdf (3010670 bytes), SHA-256 bd7610e64a71601fe3e2a329bbdb33a8a4701eec68ce9b1a374c8d77649b38c4, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20210021318/downloads/Tech%20Dev%20for%20Spacecraft%20Fire%20Safety_Location_10-7-2021.pdf.
- TARS library: 17 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Olson & Ferkul, Microgravity Flammability of PMMA Rods in Concurrent Flow (NTRS 20150008961)
Olson & Ferkul, Microgravity Flammability of PMMA Rods in Concurrent Flow (NTRS 20150008961) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150008961. PYRION uses it for this: 1-g results vs ventilated microgravity.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20150008961, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20150008961/20150008961.pdf (449964 bytes), SHA-256 8cee8a023d9f0aab214996ebaeefb842080b0c935ba9e01db0096a47379519f7, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150008961/downloads/20150008961.pdf.
- TARS library: 10 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: data/derived/bass2_rod_boundary.md, data/derived/bass2_rod_nasa_numbers.csv, engine/src/stretch.ts, engine/src/transfer.ts, extraction/build_derived.py, extraction/ground_tests_inventory.md.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Exploration Atmospheres Validation Study, Open Atmospheres Forum 2022 (NTRS 20220011152)
Exploration Atmospheres Validation Study, Open Atmospheres Forum 2022 (NTRS 20220011152) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220011152. PYRION uses it for this: exploration atmospheres status.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20220011152, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20220011152/Exploration Atmosphers OAF 20220805.pdf (9566921 bytes), SHA-256 cfc050aded4f9f8da9487d4279dc38c500375017e8562050bb9d15ed465e4d87, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20220011152/downloads/Exploration%20Atmosphers%20OAF%2020220805.pdf.
- TARS library: 35 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Schechter & Zayac, Characterizing the Flammability of Nomex Fabric for FM2, ASGSR 2025 (NTRS 20250010975)
Schechter & Zayac, Characterizing the Flammability of Nomex Fabric for FM2, ASGSR 2025 (NTRS 20250010975) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250010975. PYRION uses it for this: Nomex limiting oxygen at 1 g, lunar g and 0 g.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20250010975, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20250010975/ASGSR_FinalPoster JSchechter.pdf (629061 bytes), SHA-256 0481647076339686df059467f529fe2cd661b926655f04a0842ec0eb33d551b7, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20250010975/downloads/ASGSR_FinalPoster%20JSchechter.pdf.
- TARS library: 1 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Urban et al., Solid Fuel Ignition Testing for Lunar Applications, ICES 2025 (NTRS 20250006779)
Urban et al., Solid Fuel Ignition Testing for Lunar Applications, ICES 2025 (NTRS 20250006779) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20250006779. PYRION uses it for this: lunar-gravity effect is material dependent.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20250006779, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20250006779/ICES 2025-392 Lunar Flam 070725.pdf (1711643 bytes), SHA-256 fea3378e0b496e5e11e4cdc39919b9b861a65855d699030fa380606a1bed8294, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20250006779/downloads/ICES%202025-392%20Lunar%20Flam%20070725.pdf.
- TARS library: 18 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: engine/src/transfer.ts.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Zayac & Johnston, Flammability of Materials on the Moon, Glenn 2024 (NTRS 20240015307)
Zayac & Johnston, Flammability of Materials on the Moon, Glenn 2024 (NTRS 20240015307) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20240015307. PYRION uses it for this: centrifuge drop-tower tests at lunar gravity.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20240015307, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20240015307/Glenn_2024_ZayacPoster.pdf (1576492 bytes), SHA-256 eb86f426ee83c3edb3eda8053f33382248394f5bcb6aa6be171b59ddab5c3e47, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20240015307/downloads/Glenn_2024_ZayacPoster.pdf.
- TARS library: 1 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Exploration Atmospheres for Beyond-LEO Human Exploration Missions (NTRS 20120017346)
Exploration Atmospheres for Beyond-LEO Human Exploration Missions (NTRS 20120017346) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20120017346. PYRION uses it for this: history of the 8.2 psia / 34% atmosphere.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20120017346, priority P2. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20120017346/20120017346.pdf (8510 bytes), SHA-256 06f8768f57f7e4a2ad904880b6c2dae58389e01f5edad1ee4be8c1c2ea63269a, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20120017346/downloads/20120017346.pdf.
- TARS library: 1 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Exploration Spacecraft and Space Suit Internal Atmosphere (NTRS 20060013463)
Exploration Spacecraft and Space Suit Internal Atmosphere (NTRS 20060013463) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20060013463. PYRION uses it for this: origin of the exploration atmosphere.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20060013463, priority P2. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20060013463/20060013463.pdf (17010288 bytes), SHA-256 e148ec855216aab89cd42d80944a53af3f2549ccc1896aa4273e96f10150cceb, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060013463/downloads/20060013463.pdf.
- TARS library: 14 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Hypoxia Evidence Report (NTRS 20150021491)
Hypoxia Evidence Report (NTRS 20150021491) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150021491. PYRION uses it for this: context: hypoxia evidence.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20150021491, priority P2. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20150021491/20150021491.pdf (725210 bytes), SHA-256 4defa6b98de32ea3f5972afc1a4c3c60eaba26bc842259d9946615c4b1c1bc60, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20150021491/downloads/20150021491.pdf.
- TARS library: 43 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Sacksteder & Feier, Three-Dimensional Upward Flame Spreading in Partial-Gravity Buoyant Flows (NTRS 20010074003)
Sacksteder & Feier, Three-Dimensional Upward Flame Spreading in Partial-Gravity Buoyant Flows (NTRS 20010074003) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20010074003. PYRION uses it for this: classic theory of upward flame spread at partial gravity.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20010074003, priority P2. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20010074003/20010074003.pdf (385134 bytes), SHA-256 ba77167f2f8437f109f1849c5f20da0ddfcc482e4268707f3703738efbdc5edf, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20010074003/downloads/20010074003.pdf.
- TARS library: 4 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: engine/src/quantity.ts, engine/src/transfer.ts.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Saffire results (NTRS 20180005168)
Saffire results (NTRS 20180005168) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180005168. PYRION uses it for this: Saffire flight results: gravity condition during the burn (found by a separate AI reviewer agent (Grok)).
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20180005168, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20180005168/20180005168.pdf (9049169 bytes), SHA-256 9ae2e365c850cbd0e136ea4e17cc5ecf68e5ac89d248b3c0a7b7b4bde9e2f402, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20180005168/downloads/20180005168.pdf.
- TARS library: 25 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: extraction/tables/psi099_saffire2.py, extraction/tables/psi100_saffire3.py, extraction/tables/saffire.py.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Olson & T'ien, Buoyant Low Stretch Diffusion Flames Beneath Cylindrical PMMA Samples (NTRS 20000004509)
Olson & T'ien, Buoyant Low Stretch Diffusion Flames Beneath Cylindrical PMMA Samples (NTRS 20000004509) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000004509. PYRION uses it for this: stretch-rate framework: forced, buoyant and mixed stretch.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20000004509, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20000004509/20000004509.pdf (1168569 bytes), SHA-256 dfc9fc3cf8071a8eb28a86305b49d226ba46b1332ed73d1e2396b176f08f0ba7, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000004509/downloads/20000004509.pdf.
- TARS library: 40 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: engine/src/stretch.ts, engine/src/transfer.ts, extraction/ground_tests_inventory.md.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Olson & T'ien, near-limit low stretch flames (NTRS 20000057046)
Olson & T'ien, near-limit low stretch flames (NTRS 20000057046) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20000057046. PYRION uses it for this: stretch-rate framework: forced, buoyant and mixed stretch.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20000057046, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20000057046/20000057046.pdf (726184 bytes), SHA-256 2aa92e95822df2c790047339eac131be69eda73fea229efd7e91bbba1e19ccd6, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20000057046/downloads/20000057046.pdf.
- TARS library: 17 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
Low stretch solid-fuel flame research (NTRS 20040053568)
Low stretch solid-fuel flame research (NTRS 20040053568) is a NASA document outside the PSI archive. NTRS citation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040053568. PYRION uses it for this: stretch-rate framework: forced, buoyant and mixed stretch.
In plain words: PSI holds the experiments; documents like this one give the context around them (definitions, standards, atmospheres, the state of the art). Nothing taken from it is mixed silently with PSI evidence. When a number from it appears in the app, it carries the document name, the page and the words it was read from.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id ntrs-20040053568, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20040053568/20040053568.pdf (671930 bytes), SHA-256 3b6998020cbc77f5f5b85a6b85b14ab471aadd1ac3d44595e32adfb6495b8fb7, downloaded from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20040053568/downloads/20040053568.pdf.
- TARS library: 4 pages with a text layer.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
NASA Glenn experiment fact sheets (ACME, BASS, DAFT, FLEX, SAFFIRE, SAME, SLICE, SPICE)
NASA Glenn publishes one fact sheet per flight combustion experiment. PYRION keeps eight of them next to the PSI data to explain what each experiment is.
In plain words: these are short NASA descriptions, written for the public. They help read the PSI files, but they are not test data: no condition value is taken from a fact sheet alone.
The eight fact sheets:
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Advanced Combustion via Microgravity Experiments (ACME): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/advanced-combustion-via-microgravity-experiments-acme.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Burning and Suppression of Solids (BASS): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/burning-and-suppression-of-solids-bass.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Dust and Aerosol Measurement Feasibility Test (DAFT): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/dust-and-aerosol-measurement-feasibility-test-daft.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Flame Extinguishment Experiment (FLEX): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/flame-extinguishment-experiment-flex.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Spacecraft Fire Safety Demonstration (Saffire): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/spacecraft-fire-safety-demonstration-saffire.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Smoke Aerosol Measurement Experiment (SAME): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/smoke-aerosol-measurement-experiment-same.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Structure and Liftoff in Combustion Experiment (SLICE): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/structure-liftoff-in-combustion-experiment-slice.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
- NASA Glenn fact sheet: Smoke Point In Co-flow Experiment (SPICE): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/smoke-point-in-co-flow-experiment-spice.pdf (role: experiment fact sheet)
## For engineers
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-acme/advanced-combustion-via-microgravity-experiments-acme.pdf SHA-256 21d226540a4764db3f55a686daeecdb1d4fb7458502a0f8d2175a0e85ddad853
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-bass/burning-and-suppression-of-solids-bass.pdf SHA-256 a6b5da803a4dfd3e9902ac2013a4495a4712831a86f434e3812e5592822446ac
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-daft/dust-and-aerosol-measurement-feasibility-test-daft.pdf SHA-256 cc508885c1871dae87beb0ba8fd8c1f3c02419e468caea836b04d1617d658885
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-flex/flame-extinguishment-experiment-flex.pdf SHA-256 318b21e5deb17e61d9668cfede6da61d6676e84950aa3d33c5b5f5bf3f1464b2
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-saffire/spacecraft-fire-safety-demonstration-saffire.pdf SHA-256 4eed8a4d5bce284e8d9ec24b637b21fdbf4b1fbbaadb663da3b66ee89faecd5f
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-same/smoke-aerosol-measurement-experiment-same.pdf SHA-256 18fd998abc3f9f2e8942d998fbaa8207a983add97284cca3419c8b1070a4cdbb
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-slice/structure-liftoff-in-combustion-experiment-slice.pdf SHA-256 ddc56bd4a9bf46d582fd00e6aed4fbe7c362c1aa6e35a857925fdf7d5a7bc36a
- data/raw/nasa/glenn-factsheet-spice/smoke-point-in-co-flow-experiment-spice.pdf SHA-256 ed3905a0a13afe0390b5ed89959cc9f2e21edba5d1a103f2676425a7efa48e9b
Challenge resource pages and background documents
These are the NASA pages and documents linked from the Flame in Freefall challenge, plus two NASA images. PYRION saved them as background: the history of spacecraft fires (Apollo 1, Apollo 13, Mir) and NASA's own descriptions of its combustion science.
In plain words: they explain why the work matters and give context. They are not test data. Apollo and Mir documents are history, not conditions that PYRION extracts.
The list (address and what each is used for):
- NASA image: candle flame in microgravity (nasa-img-candle): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/candle-flame-in-microgravity.png (role: image: candle flame at 0 g, 1/6 g and 1 g (FM2 page))
- NASA image: edge view of SIBAL (nasa-img-sibal): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/edge-view-of-sibal.png (role: image: SIBAL fabric burning in simulated lunar gravity (FM2 page))
- NASA Glenn: Combustion Science (challenge resource) (challenge-glenn-combustion-science): https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/glenn-expertise-space-exploration/physical-sciences-program/combustion-science/ (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- A Researcher's Guide to International Space Station Combustion Science, web page (challenge resource) (challenge-researchers-guide-page): https://www.nasa.gov/missions/station/a-researchers-guide-to-combustion-science/ (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance: Apollo 1 (challenge resource) (challenge-apollo-1): https://sma.nasa.gov/sma-disciplines/accllp/apollo-1 (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- NASA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance: Apollo 13 (challenge resource) (challenge-apollo-13): https://sma.nasa.gov/sma-disciplines/accllp/apollo-13 (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- 25 Years Ago: Fire Aboard Space Station Mir (challenge resource) (challenge-mir-fire): https://www.nasa.gov/history/25-years-ago-fire-aboard-space-station-mir/ (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- NASA Spinoff: Fireman's Air Tanks (challenge resource) (challenge-spinoff-air-tanks): https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9582 (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- NASA Spinoff: Fire Detector (challenge resource) (challenge-spinoff-fire-detector): https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9407 (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- NASA Spinoff: New Technology for the Fire Attire (challenge resource) (challenge-spinoff-fire-attire): https://spinoff.nasa.gov/node/9918 (role: official challenge resource (web page, saved as HTML))
- NASA ScienceCasts: The Power of Studying Combustion on the ISS (challenge-sciencecast-video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1oXykoz9zg (role: official challenge resource (YouTube video): cited by link, not downloaded)
- Apollo 204 Accident: Report of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, U.S. Senate (Report 956) (challenge-apollo1-as204_senate_956): https://history.nasa.gov/as204_senate_956.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Apollo 204: Borman testimony, House (part 1) (challenge-apollo1-bormanhouse1): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/Apollo204/bormanhouse1.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Apollo 204: Borman testimony, House (part 2) (challenge-apollo1-bormanhouse2): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/Apollo204/bormanhouse2.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Apollo 204: Borman testimony, Senate (part 1) (challenge-apollo1-bormansenate1): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/Apollo204/bormansenate1.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Apollo 204: Borman testimony, Senate (part 2) (challenge-apollo1-bormansenate2): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/Apollo204/bormansenate2.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Apollo 204: Borman testimony, Senate (part 3) (challenge-apollo1-bormansenate3): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/Apollo204/bormansenate3.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Biography: Roger Chaffee (challenge-apollo1-chaffee_roger_0): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/chaffee_roger_0.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Biography: Edward White (challenge-apollo1-white_edward): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/white_edward.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 1' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Apollo 13 Mission Report (challenge-apollo13-a13_missionreport): https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a13/A13_MissionReport.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 13' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Report of Apollo 13 Review Board, appendices B-E (challenge-apollo13-a13-review-report-app-b-c-d-e-19700078726): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/afj/ap13fj/pdf/a13-review-report-app-b-c-d-e-19700078726.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 13' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Apollo 13 Mission: Senate hearing (GPO CHRG-91shrg4746) (challenge-apollo13-gpo-chrg-91shrg4746): https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CHRG-91shrg4746/pdf/GPO-CHRG-91shrg4746.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 13' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Biography: Fred Haise (challenge-apollo13-haise_fred): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/haise_fred.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 13' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Biography: James Lovell (challenge-apollo13-lovell_james_0): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/lovell_james_0.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 13' (sma.nasa.gov))
- Biography: John Swigert (challenge-apollo13-swigert_john): https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/swigert_john.pdf (role: linked from the official challenge resource 'Apollo 13' (sma.nasa.gov))
## For engineers
- Saved under data/raw/nasa/<id>/ with SHA-256 in data/manifest/checksums_P*.csv; web pages are saved as HTML (page.html).
- The TARS library reads their text by code; see the article on the library.
NASA pages linked from the challenge resources
Besides the pages the challenge names, PYRION saved NASA pages that those pages link to (one level out), about combustion science facilities, FLARE, SOFIE, MDCA and ISS research results.
In plain words: they are context. They are never the source of a condition value.
The list:
- crawl-combustion-science-solid-fuel-ignition-and-extinction-sofie-73ee2172: https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/glenn-expertise-space-exploration/physical-sciences-program/combustion-science/solid-fuel-ignition-and-extinction-sofie/
- crawl-on-science-flammability-limits-at-reduced-g-experiment-flare-349e092c: https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/glenn-expertise-space-exploration/physical-sciences-program/combustion-science/flammability-limits-at-reduced-g-experiment-flare/
- crawl-oration-physical-sciences-program-fluids-combustion-facility-e5cca718: https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/glenn-expertise-space-exploration/physical-sciences-program/fluids-combustion-facility/
- crawl-bustion-science-multi-user-droplet-combustion-apparatus-mdca-31c670fd: https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/glenn-expertise-space-exploration/physical-sciences-program/combustion-science/multi-user-droplet-combustion-apparatus-mdca/
- crawl-science-biological-physical-focus-areas-combustion-science-a8cdd961: https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/focus-areas/combustion-science/
- crawl-ram-science-facilities-on-the-iss-fluids-combustion-facility-7ef8640c: https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/glenn-expertise-space-exploration/physical-sciences-program/science-facilities-on-the-iss/fluids-combustion-facility/
- crawl-se-nasa-glenn-combustion-experiment-arrives-at-space-station-2edda286: https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-glenn-combustion-experiment-arrives-at-space-station/
- crawl-n-holds-public-meeting-on-combustion-research-lab-demolition-d7a84f0d: https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-glenn-holds-public-meeting-on-combustion-research-lab-demolition/
- crawl-016-05-np-2015-10-034-jsc-combustion-in-reduced-gravity-epub-a0c2b8d3: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/np-2015-10-034-jsc_combustion_in_reduced_gravity.epub
- crawl-ies-information-for-researchers-iss-researchers-guide-series-84d4d42e: https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/opportunities-information-for-researchers/iss-researchers-guide-series/
- crawl-rch-and-technology-opportunities-information-for-researchers-9f8c4b97: https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/opportunities-information-for-researchers/
- crawl-ation-research-and-technology-space-station-research-results-e8ceacdd: https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/space-station-research-results/
- crawl-earch-and-technology-latest-news-from-space-station-research-0e5a93ca: https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-research-and-technology/latest-news-from-space-station-research/
- crawl-www-wp-content-uploads-2016-01-linenger-jerry-0-pdf-02d4eb2a: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/linenger_jerry_0.pdf
- crawl-www-wp-content-uploads-2026-05-ahr-2025-20260518-pdf-71cae3e4: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/ahr-2025-20260518.pdf
- crawl-www-wp-content-uploads-2026-05-ahr-2025-publist-20260518-pdf-2e21549a: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/ahr-2025-publist-20260518.pdf
- crawl-oads-2026-01-iss-25th-science-infographic-20260121-print-pdf-b14c7ec6: https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/iss-25th-science-infographic-20260121-print.pdf
## For engineers
- Role in the manifest for every entry: "linked from an official challenge resource (level 1)".
- Saved under data/raw/nasa/<id>/; rebuilt by pipeline/crawl_resources.py.
FM2: Flammability of Materials on the Moon (NASA page and NTRS 20260001966)
FM2 (Flammability of Materials on the Moon) is a planned NASA experiment to burn materials at lunar gravity on the Moon. PYRION holds two NASA sources about it: the NASA Glenn web page and the 2026 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference presentation by Ferkul and colleagues (NTRS 20260001966).
In plain words: FM2 is the reason the app has a "Moon base" question. It is a plan. It has produced no measurement yet, so PYRION uses it to say what will be tested, never as evidence that a material does or does not burn.
What the NASA page says (quoted):
> FM2 investigates burning materials on the Moon at its 1/6 reduced gravity level.
> The experiment burns four fuel samples individually in atmospheric conditions planned for future lunar habitats or vehicles.
What the presentation says about the plan (quoted from PDF page 5, printed "Page 4"):
> Test a material with an expected Lunar LOC of 24-26% and an expected oxygen consumption of 0.08 mol fraction
> Conduct four tests at 8.2 psi: 1. Start at 37% should burn to threshold 2. Start at 33% should burn to threshold 3. Start at 29% should burn to threshold 4. Start at 25% not expected to ignite but would provide a margin of safety if the limit was lower than expected.
These are expectations, not results. In the app, the FM2 hypothesised limit slider on the Bridge page is a hypothesis, not a measurement.
## For engineers
- Page: https://www.nasa.gov/glenn/glenn-expertise-space-exploration/physical-sciences-program/combustion-science/flammability-of-materials-on-the-moon-fm2/ (saved as data/raw/nasa/crawl-combustion-science-flammability-of-materials-on-the-moon-fm2-ecc5990d/page.html).
- Presentation: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20260001966, file data/raw/nasa/ntrs-20260001966/Ferkul-Lunar and Planetary Science Conf 2026 v2.pdf, SHA-256 89c604a71fe33840a79aaad8fdb9942e11b32d88b20af6fa46f3bb48b1b63113.
- Related: the LUCI flight (rotating vehicle) tested a similar idea in 2025; see its article. LUCI simulates partial gravity; FM2 would be on the Moon.
NASA-STD-6001B: the 1 g flammability test standard
NASA-STD-6001B is the NASA technical standard for flammability, offgassing and compatibility of materials used in spacecraft. Its Test 1 is the 1 g upward flame propagation test: a sample is ignited near the bottom and the flame spreads upward. Materials that pass are cleared for flight use; materials that fail are restricted.
In plain words: this is the ground test every spacecraft material must pass today. The whole question behind PYRION is how well that 1 g test predicts what happens at lunar gravity or in microgravity, so the standard is the baseline the other evidence is compared with.
The cover page reads: “NASA TECHNICAL STANDARD NASA-STD-6001B [...] Approved: 08-26-2011”, and it is “APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE”.
What PYRION uses it for (from the manifest): the 1-g upward flammability test (Test 1). A companion document, NTRS 20170004702, shows how the maximum oxygen concentration (MOC) is determined in practice.
## For engineers
- Manifest entry: data/manifest/external_sources.json, id nasa-std-6001b, priority P1. Everything in that file is a NASA-published document or page.
- File data/raw/nasa/nasa-std-6001b/nasa-std-6001b.pdf (1514218 bytes), SHA-256 3565820b2267be5252ed48653d23491cf81dc151155ea176fe5480dc162ee03a, downloaded from https://standards.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/standards/NASA/B-w/CHANGE-2/2/Historical/nasa-std-6001b.pdf.
- TARS library: 108 pages with a text layer.
- Referenced in the repository by: engine/src/experiments.ts.
- Not a PSI investigation: any record from it would use an accession NTRS-<id> and is labelled external; none is mixed into data/conditions/.
NASA Mars Fact Sheet (NSSDC): surface gravity
The Mars Fact Sheet is a NASA Goddard (NSSDC) web page listing physical data of Mars next to Earth. PYRION uses one row of it.
In plain words: the app needs the gravity of Mars to place Mars on the gravity dial. It does not invent a value: it reads it from this page.
The row used (page last updated 19 May 2025), quoted:
> Surface gravity (mean) (m/s2) 3.73 9.82 0.380
Read as: Mars 3.73 m/s2, Earth 9.82 m/s2, ratio 0.380 (that is 0.380 g).
## For engineers
- Address: https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html.
- This page is cited by address and row; it is not stored under data/raw/ and it contributes no condition record. The value is typed once in engine/src/presets.ts (SOURCES.marsGravity) with its quote.
The Flame in Freefall challenge statement
The Flame in Freefall challenge is the NASA International Space Apps Challenge 2026 problem this project answers: “Flame in Freefall: SI-Powered Fire Safety Insights from Microgravity Combustion Data”. Its page is https://www.spaceappschallenge.org/2026/challenges/flame-in-freefall/.
In plain words: the challenge asks what fire safety insight can be drawn from the NASA microgravity combustion data. It also states the atmosphere expected for a Moon base, and the app uses that statement as one of its starting scenarios.
The sentence the app uses (section "Potential Considerations", "Spacesuits and oxygen concentration"), quoted:
> The intermediate oxygen concentration used on the Moon will likely be 30% or greater, with a corresponding pressure of 10.2 psi or less.
The challenge states a band, not a point. The scenario takes the corner of that band (30 % O2, 10.2 psi, which is 70.3 kPa). The lunar gravity of that scenario (0.16 g) does not come from the challenge: it comes from NTRS 20210020446.
## For engineers
- Preset id challenge-lunar-base in engine/src/presets.ts; conversion 1 psi = 6.894757293168361 kPa, so 10.2 psi = 70.3265 kPa.
- The challenge text is not a PSI or NTRS document and is not stored in data/raw/.
How code finds each value in the NASA source
Every condition value in PYRION points to the exact place in a NASA file where it is written, and a program (not a language model) checks that place.
In plain words: a value is only accepted if the program can open the NASA file and find it. A table value must sit in its own cell. A value taken from a sentence must come with the sentence, word for word, and the numbers in that sentence must be the numbers in the file, written the same way. If the program cannot find it, the record is rejected and the reason is shown.
## The three kinds of location
- A table cell. The record says
row=<n>;column=<header>(andsheet=<name>for an Excel file). The program opens the CSV or Excel file, finds the header row, goes to data row n and reads the cell. The cell must contain the value as written (value_original). For Excel the program reads cell values, never formulas, and a record without its sheet name is rejected. - A sentence in a document. The record says
page=<n>,paragraph=<n>orsection=<name>and carries the sentence asquote. The program extracts the text of the file with the same PDF library every time and looks for the quote, word for word. Differences in spacing, line breaks and typographic punctuation are ignored; a word that differs is not. - An elision. A quote may be cut with
[...]; each fragment must appear, in order.
## Numbers as written
The numbers of a quote must appear in the file exactly as written, in the same order. The check keeps the decimal point, so 1.5 is not 15 and .15 is not 15. The value_original of a record must itself be written in its quote. This rule was added after an audit by a separate AI reviewer agent found that an earlier version compared numbers without their points and signs.
## What it checks today, and what it does not
- Today: the quote is found in the file, and each table value is found in its cell. 942 quoted values and 8531 table cells were traced in the last full run.
- Not yet: that the quote sits on the cited page. The page number is stored and shown, but the program searches the whole file. A page check is planned.
- The text comes from the text layer of the original file. A value that exists only in a figure or an image cannot be located and is never accepted.
## For engineers
validation/run_all.py(check_trace) is written separately fromextraction/validate.pyon purpose: two implementations catch mistakes that one shares with the code that produced the records.- Text normalisation: NFKC (ligatures), hyphenated line breaks joined, case and punctuation dropped for the word-for-word comparison; numbers are compared as tokens with
numbers_in. validation/selftest.pyseeds errors (a number off by a decimal point, a wrong cell, an invented quote) and checks the validator catches them.- Table units are recomputed from
value_originalandunit_originalwith fixed conversion factors; 3250 values were recomputed in the last run.
Investigation filters
What it is. Filters the investigation list by text, fuel phase, or presence of extracted flow values.
What it shows. Matching investigations, their hardware text, and test counts from the extracted condition files.
How to use it. Enter text, select a fuel phase, or choose the flow filter; open a result to see its sources.
Example. Choose an available filter to inspect the records.
What it does not do. Filtering does not establish whether an investigation applies to a target condition.
Filter the dataset
What it is. Filters the extracted rows before downloading a CSV.
What it shows. The number of rows matching the selected investigation and variable.
How to use it. Choose either filter and select Download filtered CSV.
Example. Choose an available filter to inspect the records.
What it does not do. This filter does not assess the accuracy or applicability of a row.
Validation severities: BLOCKER, MAJOR, MINOR
The validator reads every condition record and every public text and reports each problem with a severity.
In plain words: a BLOCKER is a problem that must be fixed before anything is published; a MAJOR is a real problem that does not break a record outright; a MINOR is a note for a reader to know about. The exit code of the run is 1 if there is any BLOCKER.
The last committed full run (15 November 2026, 03:51 UTC; 10042 records, trace check on): BLOCKER 0, MAJOR 1, MINOR 132.
## What each severity means
| Severity | Examples |
|---|---|
| BLOCKER | A required field is empty; a variable that is not in the schema; a regime value that is not allowed; a wrong unit for a variable; a source file that is not among the verified downloads; a converted value that does not match its recomputation; a range that is not ascending; a value outside physical bounds; two sources that disagree for the same test; an investigation without a DOI; a quote or a table cell that is not found in the source; a number of a quote that is not written as in the source; overstating wording in public text (superlatives, endorsements and absolute claims on a list the validator keeps). |
| MAJOR | A value that is not numeric where a number is expected; a unit conversion the validator cannot recompute; a license that PSI does not state but whose records lack the “license not stated” note; a trace check that could not run; the word “discovery” in public text. |
| MINOR | A documented unit-label mismatch (the header says one unit and the cells hold another); a summary row that covers several conditions; the word “safe” in public text, to be reviewed by a person. |
In that run the one MAJOR is a unit label the validator cannot recompute (“on a volume basis” in PSI-22). The 132 MINOR notes are documented unit-label mismatches, summary rows, and three uses of a flagged word in the engine and web code. The numbers change with every run; validation/reports/latest.md always holds the newest.
## Where the report is
validation/reports/latest.md and latest.json are rewritten on every run. A second, independent validator for the extraction itself is extraction/validate.py; both must pass.
## For engineers
python -I validation/run_all.py(all checks, needsdata/raw/),--no-trace(what CI runs),--conditions DIRand--reports DIR(self-test and external folders).- Checks, in order: schema, provenance, units, bounds, consistency, citation, trace, language.
- A line carrying
lang-okis an explicit, reviewed exception to the language gate.
The ground (1 g) test inventory
The ground (1 g) inventory answers one question: what normal-gravity test data are inside the NASA PSI files PYRION downloaded?
In plain words: PYRION compares flames in microgravity with flames on Earth, so it matters whether PSI contains ground tests with their oxygen and pressure. It almost never does. Of the 24 investigations, only one has a clean per-test 1 g table: PSI-107 (SPICE), in Tables 6.3 and 6.4 of a thesis (fuel, nozzle, coflow velocity, fuel flow and smoke height). Its oxygen and pressure are not tabulated; ambient air is implied. No investigation offers ground tests with both O2 and pressure per test in a table.
## The rules used
- A ground test is a normal-gravity test on Earth. Drop towers, parabolic flights, KC-135 aircraft and microgravity wind tunnels are not ground: they are microgravity or partial gravity.
- Requirements and planning documents that only say ground testing is planned are not test data.
- A value that exists only in a figure, or an ambient condition that is implied, is reported as such.
## The classes
Per investigation: none, partial, requirements_only, not_ground, yes_table. The count in the inventory: none 10, partial 9, requirements_only 2, not_ground 2, yes_table 1.
## What was extracted from it
Nothing automatically. After approval, two stated 1 g conditions were extracted by hand with the usual extractor and verificador: one from PSI-25 (the downward PMMA series at San Diego State University, where the Summary Report gives 101 kPa and 21 % O2 on page 46 and 20.7 % O2 in a figure caption on page 49; the two are kept apart and not averaged) and one from PSI-20. Outside PSI, NTRS 20000004509 (Olson and T’ien) has a normal-gravity PMMA table of about 8 stretch-rate rows, with pressure not stated.
## For engineers
- Full inventory with files, pages and effort:
extraction/ground_tests_inventory.md(written 2026-11-14 from a scan of every PDF, DOCX, XLSX and CSV underdata/raw/psi-data/, 1 485 hits in 1 page/paragraph units, then a reading of the substantive documents). - Ground records carry descriptive test ids (for example a series name), not table rows; the
ground_seriesflag in the extraction marks them.
Investigation sheet links
What it is. Links from an investigation sheet to related resources.
What it shows. Links to the investigation list, extracted dataset, publication DOIs, PYRION, and TARS.
How to use it. Select a link to open its destination.
Example. Select a publication DOI to open the cited publication.
What it does not do. These links do not confirm that an investigation applies to a target condition. Observed variation does not establish experimental design.
The condition record, field by field
Every physical condition in PYRION is one record: one value of one variable for one test, with the exact place it came from. The engine reads only these records.
In plain words: a record is a labelled fact with a receipt. The label says what was measured and for which test; the receipt says which NASA file, where in it, and the words or cell it was read from.
## The fields
| Field | Meaning |
|---|---|
| accession | The PSI investigation (PSI-69) or, for an external source, NTRS-<id>. |
| test_id | The test as NASA wrote it, or * when the value applies to every test of the investigation. |
| variable | A controlled name (see below). |
| value | The value as normalised by PYRION: a number, lo..hi for a range, or a controlled term. |
| unit | The schema unit of value (empty for terms). |
| value_original | The value exactly as written in the source. |
| unit_original | The unit exactly as written in the source. |
| method | table (read from a PSI table by code) or document (a sentence, with its quote). |
| source_file | Path under data/raw/. |
| source_location | row=<n>;column=<header> for tables; page=<n>, paragraph=<n> or section=<name> for documents. |
| quote | For documents, the verbatim sentence. For tables, the column header. |
| status | extracted, verified (a person compared it with the source) or insufficient_evidence. |
| note | Free text: a unit conversion, the confidence, a reason. |
## The variables
- Regime axes (barriers, never interpolated across):
gravity_regime(microgravity,partial_gravity,normal_gravity),fuel_phase(solid,liquid,gas),diluent(N2,He,CO2,Ar,mixed),flame_type(normal,inverse). - Continuous axes (interpolated only inside the measured range):
o2_mole_fraction(ambient oxygen, 0 to 1),burner_o2_mole_fraction,pressure(kPa),flow_velocity(cm/s),sample_thickness(mm),droplet_diameter_initial(mm),ambient_temperature(K),gravity_level(g, only when stated). - Descriptive:
fuel,material,geometry,flow_configuration,platform. - Outcomes:
outcome:<name>with its unit, for results such as a spread rate or an extinction. An outcome is a measured result, never a condition.
## The four rules
- No value without a source.
- Never guess: if a value is not stated there is no record; if it is ambiguous the record is
insufficient_evidence. - Unit conversions are explicit, with the original kept.
- Gravity comes from the source, not from the platform: “flown on the ISS” is not a gravity value.
## For engineers
- Conventions: a range in one cell is one record
lo..hi; a list in one cell is one record per value; a value derived from several columns lists them ascolumn=<h1>;column=<h2>; an approximate value (“~21.5”) is stored as a plain number with a note; a unit label that contradicts the cells is kept as written with aunit-label-mismatchnote. - Contract:
schema/condition_record.schema.json; files indata/conditions/<accession>.csv, UTF-8, header row = field names.
Compare investigations
What it is. Compares attributes from two to six PSI records.
What it shows. Hardware, test counts and extracted condition ranges side by side; observed differences are highlighted.
How to use it. Pick a ready-made comparison, or enter two to six accession IDs separated by commas, then select Compare.
Example. Enter PSI-25,PSI-26 to compare those records.
What it does not do. A highlighted difference is a text difference, not a verdict about applicability.
The TARS library: NASA text, page by page
The TARS library is the only text the TARS chat answers from: the page-by-page text of the NASA documents PYRION downloaded.
In plain words: when TARS quotes NASA, the words come from a page of a NASA file, found by a search program, and code checks the quote against that page. No language model writes the library.
- Where the text comes from: PDF pages from PyMuPDF (the same call the validator uses), Word, PowerPoint and Excel files from their XML, web pages from a plain HTML parser, tables from the
csvmodule. Nothing is OCR'd or summarised. A page with no text layer is skipped and listed. - What is in it: 507 documents, 8874 pages (8648 with text), about 2.3 million words, split into 8691 chunks of about 320 words with a 50-word overlap.
- Search: a BM25 keyword index (no model, no network). Command line:
python -I tools/build_corpus.py --search "limiting oxygen concentration BASS-II"prints the top five with document and page. - Not in it: binary files (
.xls,.doc,.ppt), archives, images, video, duplicates, and one PDF that cannot be opened. Tables enter as the header plus the first 25 rows; the numbers the engine uses live indata/conditions/.
## For engineers
- Output in
web/.data/corpus/(git-ignored, regenerated fromdata/raw/):pages.jsonl,chunks.jsonl,bm25.json,no_text_pages.json,skipped.json,corpus_manifest.json. - Rebuild takes about 70 seconds and is deterministic: the same files give the same hash of
pages.jsonl.
Download files
What it is. Offers the complete extracted dataset and its data dictionary.
What it shows. CSV and JSON rows plus a description of their columns.
How to use it. Select a file to download it.
Example. Choose an available filter to inspect the records.
What it does not do. A download does not establish accuracy or applicability for a new setting.
Explore individual tests
What it is. A list of extracted test identifiers and their values.
What it shows. Conditions and recorded outcomes, grouped by test identifier. Each value has its recorded source; a quotation is shown where one was recorded. Flagged records are kept separate.
How to use it. Open Source and status below a value to read its provenance. Use the outcome filter and page controls to narrow the list.
Example. Select the outcome filter to find tests with an outcome field.
What it does not do. It does not establish experimental design or applicability to a new condition.
Explore materials and oxygen
What it is. An index of recorded material descriptions and oxygen values.
What it shows. Tests linked by the same investigation and test identifier, and the highest recorded ambient oxygen for each fuel phase where a match exists.
How to use it. Choose a material and show its recorded tests; point to a value to see its source.
Example. Choose a listed material to inspect its tests.
What it does not do. It does not establish a material's fire behaviour in a new environment or make a safety assessment.
Ready-made comparisons
What it is. Links to comparisons of related PSI investigations.
What it shows. The selected investigations side by side.
How to use it. Choose a group, or enter two to six accession IDs manually.
Example. Choose BASS vs BASS-II.
What it does not do. A difference in the table does not establish applicability.
Hardware families
What it is. Hardware groupings described in the challenge statement.
What it shows. The ACME, droplet and MSG families.
How to use it. Follow the challenge statement link for its hardware descriptions.
Example. FLEX and FLEX-2 used MDCA.
What it does not do. Shared hardware does not mean identical test conditions.
Evidence timeline (Lenses page)
What it is. A play/pause button and a year slider for the oxygen-pressure chart of PSI test points.
What it shows. The (oxygen, pressure) points of PSI tests, added in the year PSI gives for the end of each investigation; investigations with no date in PSI appear in the last frame. The Moon Base band (the same band as the Mission Planner) is an empty dashed outline. FM2's four planned tests are dotted and labelled "planned, not in PSI".
How to use it. Press Play to step through the years, or drag the slider to a year. With reduced motion set in your system, nothing plays by itself.
Example. Drag the slider to the earliest year and then to the last frame to see how the tested region grew.
What it does not do. It does not say when each test was run (PSI gives investigation dates, not test dates), and the FM2 points are not measurements.
Link to the materials index
What it is. A link from the oxygen-ceiling card on the Lenses page to the Materials and oxygen page.
What it shows. Every material name as written in PSI, with its investigations, tests and recorded conditions.
How to use it. Select the link, then choose a material.
Example. Open the link and pick a SIBAL or PMMA sample to see its tests.
What it does not do. It does not rank materials or say which is less flammable.
Earth applications links (More page)
What it is. Links next to each quoted Earth sentence on the More page: the investigation sheet and the PSI DOI.
What it shows. The investigation whose PSI record states the quoted sentence.
How to use it. Select the investigation name to open its sheet, or the DOI to open the PSI record.
Example. Open the BASS-II link to read its full research impacts field.
What it does not do. The sentences are what the PSI record states; PYRION does not check or extend them.
Fire-safety equipment & Earth cards (More page)
What it is. The links on the three cards at the top of the More page (detection, suppression, prevention): one link per PSI investigation the card is about, one link to the lens matrix filtered by that safety leg, and a link to the challenge page.
What it shows. Each card is made only of quotes, each followed by its source: a PSI record and field (for example PSI-69, field objective) or the NASA Space Apps 2026 challenge statement. A quote marked "part of a sentence" is a word-for-word part of one sentence of the challenge statement.
How to use it. Select an investigation name to open its sheet, or "Every investigation tagged ... in the lens matrix" to see all investigations whose PSI record has a quote for that leg.
Example. On the detection card, open SAME to read its PSI record, then open the detection lens to see which other investigations mention detection.
What it does not do. It does not rate any equipment, recommend a design or say how well a detector or an extinguisher works. The cards repeat what PSI and the challenge statement say; PYRION adds no claim of its own.
Safety-leg filter (Lenses page)
What it is. Links above the lens matrix that show all investigations or only those with a quote for one safety leg: prevention, detection or suppression. The same filter opens from a link such as /lenses?leg=detection.
What it shows. The matrix rows of the investigations whose PSI record (or the challenge statement) has at least one quote tagged with that leg, and how many there are. The number next to each leg is the count of tagged investigations.
How to use it. Select a leg to filter, or "all" to show every investigation again. The address of the page keeps the filter, so the view can be shared.
Example. Select detection to see SAME, SAME-R and the other investigations whose records mention detection.
What it does not do. It does not rank investigations within a leg, and an investigation left out has no quote for that leg in the fields read; that does not mean its research says nothing about it.
Proof link (Data page)
What it is. A button at the top of the Data page.
What it shows. It opens the Proof page.
How to use it. Click it.
Example. Go from the coverage table to the checks behind it.
What it does not do. It does not change the data.
Proof page overview
What it is. A page that gathers the evidence of rigor on one screen.
What it shows. The judge battery result, how many values are located in the NASA source by code, the validator's severities, the independent audits, the test counts, the sealed predictions with their Bitcoin block and the repository's time stamps. Every number is read from a repository file when the site is built.
How to use it. Read it top to bottom; each item has plain words first and links to the files for experts.
Example. Copy the three ots verify lines and check the sealed predictions yourself.
What it does not do. It does not run the checks live and it does not prove that the NASA data is right; it shows that PYRION's checks exist, what they found, and where to repeat them.
Proof page source links
What it is. The links in each section of the Proof page.
What it shows. The repository file behind the statement above the link, on GitHub.
How to use it. Click a link to open the file in a new tab.
Example. Open latest.md to read the validation report.
What it does not do. A link does not re-run anything; it shows the file.