PSI-21 · ACME CLD Flame
“A) Characterize the behavior of weak coflow diffusion flames of methane and ethylene, as a function of velocity and fuel dilution, through measurement of flame shape, lift-off heights, temperatures and extinction limits.” [PSI JSON: objective]
“ACME CLD Flame project goals include the generation of improved computational models with improved soot sub-models that are effective for both dilute flames and sooting flames that vary from low to high soot loading levels.” [PSI JSON: approach]
Overview
Objective [text]
In order to provide the experimental data needed to allow rigorous testing of computational models at the extremes of the fuel dilution spectrum, we have the following objectives: A) Characterize the behavior of weak coflow diffusion flames of methane and ethylene, as a function of velocity and fuel dilution, through measurement of flame shape, lift-off heights, temperatures and extinction limits. B) Characterize the sooting tendencies of diffusion flames with long residence times, as a function of velocity and fuel dilution, through measurement of flame shape, gas temperatures in the soot-free portion of the flame, soot luminosity, soot temperatures, and soot volume fractions.
Source
data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: objective · PSI investigationApproach [text]
ACME CLD Flame project goals include the generation of improved computational models with improved soot sub-models that are effective for both dilute flames and sooting flames that vary from low to high soot loading levels. The enhanced time and spatial scales in a microgravity environment will be important for achieving both goals. Experimentally, we plan to study methane and ethylene diffusion flames over a wide range of test conditions. For the more dilute flames, measurements will be made of flame chemiluminesence of OH* and CH* to observe variations in lift-off height and flame shape as extinction limits are approached. The sooting tendencies of the more fuel-rich flames will be investigated using soot luminosity and laser extinction measurements to determine soot temperatures and soot volume fractions. Flame temperatures in non-sooting regions will be measured using thin-filament pyrometry. Based on observations, modifications can be made to the kinetics and soot model to match better the experimental results. If the overall agreement of the measurements and computations is good, the results of the computations can be “mined” to provide insight on species (and hence chemical processes) that cannot be measured directly using the diagnostics available for the proposed experiment.
Source
data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: approach · PSI investigationHypothesis [text]
This investigation was focused on gathering bench mark data to validate the hypothesis of computation models, the details of which are available within the following publications: 1) Smooke, M.D., Hall, R.J., Colket, M.B., Fielding, J., Long, M.B., McEnally, C.S., and Pfefferle, L.D., Investigation of the transition from lightly sooting towards heavily sooting co-flow ethylene diffusion flames. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2004. 8(3): p. 593-606. https://doi.org/10.1088/1364-7830/8/3/009 2) Luque, J., Jeffries, J.B., Smith, G.P., Crosley, D.R., Walsh, K.T., Long, M.B., and Smooke, M.D., CH(A-X) and OH(A-X) optical emission in an axisymmetric laminar diffusion flame. Combustion and Flame, 2000. 122(1/2): p. 172-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00112-7 3) Walsh, K.T., Fielding, J., Smooke, M.D., and Long, M.B., Experimental and computational study of temperature, species, and soot in buoyant and non-buoyant coflow laminar diffusion flames. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2000. 28: p. 1973-1979. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(00)80603-7 4) Walsh, K.T., Long, M.B., Tanoff, M.A., and Smooke, M.D., Experimental and computational study of CH, CH*, and OH* in an axisymmetric laminar diffusion flame. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 1998. 27(Vol. 1): p. 615-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(98)80453-0
Source
data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: hypothesis · PSI investigationResearch impacts [text]
Diffusion flames are the flame type of most practical combustion devices. The ability to predict the coupled effects of complex transport phenomena with detailed chemical kinetics in such systems is critical in the modeling of turbulent reacting flows and in understanding the processes by which soot formation and radiative transfer take place. In addition, an understanding of those factors that affect flame extinction in diffusion flames is critical in the suppression of fires and in improving engine efficiency. While normal gravity combustion studies can provide important information on combustion processes, the effects of gravitational forces often complicate the interpretation of both computational and experimental results. Momentum effects dominate most practical combustion devices, but the contribution of buoyancy forces is hard to eliminate in normal gravity. A goal of the study will be to apply sophisticated numerical tools and quantitative diagnostic techniques to the study of hydrocarbon diffusion flames in a microgravity environment. This will lead to a more detailed understanding of the interaction of convection, diffusion and chemistry under momentum-dominated conditions.
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data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: researchImpacts · PSI investigationHardware [text]
Combustion Integrated Rack (CIR), ACME
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data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: experimentHardware · PSI investigationFlight program [text]
International Space Station (ISS)
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data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: flightProgram · PSI investigationStart date [text]
10-01-2006
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data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: investigationStartDate · PSI investigationEnd date [text]
05-31-2022
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data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: investigationEndDate · PSI investigationTests
6 tests with extracted table records (SAME-R aging sub-runs grouped by parent ID) · 13 extracted values (source: data/conditions/PSI-21.csv).
Variation is observed in extracted values; it does not establish the experimental design.
| Variable | Observed | Distinct values / tests | Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| fuel [data/conditions/PSI-21.csv] | distinct values as recorded | 5 / 6 | 100% C2H4, 100% CH4, 30% C2H4, 40% CH4, 50% C2H4 |
Loading test data…
Additional outcome cells, where available, are displayed as written. Source: data/derived/outcomes_extra.csv.
Instruments mentioned in the approach
For the more dilute flames, measurements will be made of flame chemiluminesence of OH* and CH* to observe variations in lift-off height and flame shape as extinction limits are approached. [data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: approach] PSI investigation
The sooting tendencies of the more fuel-rich flames will be investigated using soot luminosity and laser extinction measurements to determine soot temperatures and soot volume fractions. [data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: approach] PSI investigation
If the overall agreement of the measurements and computations is good, the results of the computations can be “mined” to provide insight on species (and hence chemical processes) that cannot be measured directly using the diagnostics available for the proposed experiment. [data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: approach] PSI investigation
Experimental table columns
- Test Type [table] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv · PSI investigation
- Test Day [table] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv · PSI investigation
- Fuel MFC [table] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv · PSI investigation
- N2 MFC [table] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv · PSI investigation
- Fuel Bottle [table] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv · PSI investigation
- Fuel conc. Range [table] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv · PSI investigation
- Flames ignited [table] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/Experimental table/PSI-21_Experimental table_CLD Flame.csv · PSI investigation
Data
Publications
- Analysis of CH* concentration and flame heat release rate in laminar coflow diffusion flames under microgravity and normal gravity 10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.012 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Signal-to-noise ratio improvements in laser flow diagnostics using time-resolved image averaging and high dynamic range imaging 10.1007/s00348-016-2218-5 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- A computational and experimental study of coflow laminar methane/air diffusion flames: Effects of fuel dilution, inlet velocity, and gravity 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.138 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- A Combined Experimental and Computational Study of Soot Formation in Normal and Microgravity Conditions 10.1080/00102202.2022.2041621 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Constrained-temperature solutions of coflow laminar diffusion flames 10.1016/j.proci.2020.06.034 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Effects of pressure and fuel dilution on coflow laminar methane–air diffusion flames: A computational and experimental study 10.1080/13647830.2017.1403051 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Effect of soot self-absorption on color-ratio pyrometry in laminar coflow diffusion flames 10.1364/OL.43.001103 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- A computational and experimental study of coflow laminar methane/air diffusion flames: Effects of fuel dilution, inlet velocity, and gravity 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.138 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- An experimental and computational study of soot formation in a coflow jet flame under microgravity and normal gravity 10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.064 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Absolute light calibration using S-type thermocouples 10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.030 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- A comparison of Raman signatures and laser-induced incandescence with direct numerical simulation of soot growth in non-premixed ethylene/air flames 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.07.050 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Soot and thin-filament pyrometry using a color digital camera 10.1016/j.proci.2010.05.006 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- IMAGING FLAMES: FROM ADVANCED LASER DIAGNOSTICS TO SNAPSHOTS 10.1142/9789814295789_0004 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- A paradigm shift in the interaction of experiments and computations in combustion research 10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.066 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Computational and experimental investigation of the interaction of soot and NO in coflow diffusion flames 10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.182 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Distributed-memory parallel computation of a forced, time-dependent, sooting, ethylene/air coflow diffusion flame 10.1080/13647830903159293 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Measurements and calculations of formaldehyde concentrations in a methane/N2/air, non-premixed flame: Implications for heat release rate 10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.083 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
- Computational and experimental study of a forced, time-dependent, methane–air coflow diffusion flame 10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.109 [data/manifest/publications.csv]
Data reuse
Not stated in PSI [not in PSI] data/raw/psi-data/PSI-21/_investigation/PSI-21.json: related_glds · PSI investigation
PSI page
PSI page data/manifest/web_check_2026-11-14.csv: line 1 URL pattern